Table 4 Physical composition and performance

Leg tissue volume (values in cm³) ^a

Total circumference

651 (170)

637 (170)

0.841

Muscle tissue

353 (69.6)

336 (52.8)

0.483

Subcutaneous adipose tissue

185 (105)

155 (116)

0.512

Inter-muscular adipose tissue

97.2 (25.8)

102 (26.2)

0.601

Leg tissue percent of total circumference ^a

Muscle tissue

54.8 (4.2)

54.3 (8.8)

0.875

Subcutaneous adipose tissue

28.0 (14.3)

22.6 (10.0)

0.259

Inter-muscular adipose tissue

15.1 (2.7)

16.4 (3.3)

0.315

Thigh muscle strength & fatigue

Knee extension peak torque (Nm)

96.4 (40.1)

103.9 (30.4)

0.562

Knee flexion peak torque (Nm)

50.7 (22.3)

53.7 (20.0)

0.705

Knee extension total work (joules)

3039 (1453)

3396 (967)

0.422

Knee flexion total work (joules)

1552 (800)

1561 (744)

0.977

Knee extension fatigue index (joules)

−704 (600)

−781 (581)

0.735

Knee flexion fatigue index (joules)

−288 (355)

−322 (294)

0.784

SPPB

4-meter gait speed (m/sec)

1.11 (0.10)

1.0 (0.18)

0.102

4-meter gait speed score (range: 0–4)

4 (0)

3.8 (0.51)

0.253

Time to complete 5 chair stands (sec)

10.2 (2.1)

12.1 (2.4)

0.047

Chair stand score (range: 0–4)

3.6 (0.51)

3.0 (0.97)

0.105

Balance score (range: 0–4)

4 (0)

3.85 (0.65)

0.499

Total performance score (range: 0–12)

11.6 (0.51)

10.7 (1.9)

0.167

400-meter rapid walk

400-meter rapid gait speed (m/sec)

1.42 (0.16)

1.28 (0.24)

0.126

Average exertion (range: 0–10)

1.47 (1.70)

1.14 (1.04)

0.585

Maximal exertion (range: 0–10)

2.69 (2.89)

2.03 (1.52)

0.502

Lap variability in gait speed (m/sec)

2.07 (4.21)

1.08 (0.48)

0.465