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Table 2 Summary of putative NLR ligands predicted to bind to their LRR domains, based on similarity of surface features between NLRs and TLRs with known agonists.

From: Understanding diversity of human innate immunity receptors: analysis of surface features of leucine-rich repeat domains in NLRs and TLRs

HUGO name

Nomenclature

Known agonists

Hydropathy similarity

Charge similarity

Putative ligands

NOD1

NOD1

iE-DAP

NALP5, NALP8

NOD2, NALP5, NALP8

n/a

NOD2

NOD2

MDP, also modulates NALP1 activation

NALP7, NALP8

NOD1, NALP7, NALP8

n/a

NLRC3

NOD3

 

NALP3

 

no prediction

NLRC4

IPAF

Bacterial flagellin

TLR5, NALP14, CIITA

NALP14

n/a

NLRC5

NOD4

 

NALP12, NALP13

 

no prediction

NLRP1

NALP1

MDP

  

n/a

NLRP2

NALP2

MDP

NALP3

NALP3

n/a

NLRP3

NALP3

Bacterial RNA, MDP, R837, R848, CSs, etc.

NALP2, NOD3

NALP2, NALP7

n/a

NLRP4

NALP4

 

NALP14

 

no prediction

NLRP5

NALP5

 

NOD1, NALP8

NOD1, NALP8

small molecules

NLRP6

NALP6

 

TLR3

TLR3

RNA/DNA

NLRP7

NALP7

 

NOD2, NALP13

NOD2, NALP3

small molecules

NLRP8

NALP8

 

NOD1, NOD2, NALP5

NOD1, NOD2, NALP5

small molecules

NLRP9

NALP9

 

RI

RI

protein-like

NLRP10

NALP10

   

no prediction

NLRP11

NALP11

 

TLR7

TLR3, TLR7

RNA

NLRP12

NALP12

Antagonizes IRAK-1

NOD4

 

no prediction

NLRP13

NALP13

 

NOD4, NALP7

 

no prediction

NLRP14

NALP14

 

NALP4, IPAF

IPAF

flagellin

NLRB1

NAIP

 

RI

TLR8

no prediction

NLRX1

NOD5

   

no prediction

NLRA

CIITA

ZXDC binds to LRR region

IPAF, TLR4, TLR5

 

protein-like

 

RI

Ribonuclease

NALP9, NAIP

NALP9

n/a

 

TLR1

triacyl lipopeptide (in complex with TLR2)

  

n/a

 

TLR2

triacyl-, diacyl-lipopeptides (in complex with TLR1, TLR6)

  

n/a

 

TLR3

dsRNA

NALP6

NALP6, NALP11

n/a

 

TLR4

LPS-loaded MD2

CIITA

 

n/a

 

TLR5

Bacterial flagellin

IPAF, CIITA

 

n/a

 

TLR6

diacyl-lipopeptide (in complex with TLR2)

  

n/a

 

TLR7

ssRNA (HIV, SSV, influenza), imidazoquiniolines (e.g., R837), loxoribrine

TLR8, NALP11

NALP11

n/a

 

TLR8

ssRNA, imidazoquiniolines (e.g., R848)

TLR7

NAIP

n/a

 

TLR9

Bacterial and viral CpG DNA motifs

  

n/a

 

TLR10

   

no prediction

  1. Cases with correctly reproduced similarities are highlighted in bold. In the "putative ligands" column, cases with known ligands are denoted by "n/a", and cases where no prediction was made are marked accordingly.