Figure 2
Ketamine inhibited TNF secretion by RAW264.7 murine macrophages stimulated with antibiotic-treated CA-MRSA isolates LAC and MW2. LAC or MW2 were added to RAW264.7 cells at a final concentration of 105 to 107 CFU/mL (retrospective confirmation) in the presence of either vancomycin at 20 μg/mL (upper panel) or daptomycin at 20 μg/mL (lower panel). One hour prior to stimulation, ketamine (100 μM) was added to the indicated wells. Cells were then incubated for 18 hours; supernatants were collected and analyzed for TNF content by ELISA. Results are depicted as means with 95% confidence intervals shown as "error bars" (See Methods). The "*" indicates significance at p < 0.05. Control represents the mean TNF macrophage production by macrophages not stimulated with bacteria.