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Table 4 Comparison of cytokines in early and late acute hantavirus infection and healthy controls.

From: Cytokine expression during early and late phase of acute Puumala hantavirus infection

parameter

healthy controls

(n = 39)

early phase

(n = 64)

early phase*

(n = 21)

late phase

(n = 21)

p1

p2

p3

IL-2 (pg/ml),

IL-2/creatinine

2.2±8.6

2.7±12.2

9.5±7.2

3.8±4.5

7.2±5.6

3.2±3.9

14 ±17

15±25

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.08

0.005

IL-5 (pg/ml)

IL-5/creatinine

3.3±8.4

3.5±7.8

0.6±2.1

0.3±1.4

0.4±0.6

0.2±0.5

0.3±0.6

0.2±0.5

0.82

1.00

0.63

0.61

0.56

0.65

IL-6 (pg/ml)

IL-6/creatinine

1.1±1.6

1.3±2.0

7.8±9.8

2.5±3.1

8.2±6.1

3.3±3.6

2.6±2.4

1.8±1.2

<0.0001

0.0003

0.0002

0.004

0.001

0.17

IL-8 (pg/ml)

IL-8/creatinine

13±32

14±34

563±1809

161±406

444±1076

147±378

130±230

93±163

<0.0001

0.0001

0.001

0.002

0.16

0.57

IL-10 (pg/ml)

IL-10/creatinine

2.4±5.5

2.6±5.7

5.2±8.4

2.2±5.6

8.3±10.7

4.4±8.6

0.7±2.0

0.6±1.9

0.014

0.18

0.17

0.14

0.001

0.003

TNF-α (pg/ml) TNF-α/creatinine

0.8±1.0

0.9±1.1

5.2±4.2

1.7±1.4

6.4±4.6

2.2±1.9

3.6±3.1

3.0±2.9

<0.0001

0.001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.001

0.09

TGF-β (pg/ml)

TGF-β/creatinine

4203±2132

4529±2266

23708±12207

11178±13749

21581±9068

8605±7184

32847±13513

29239±18032

<0.0001

0.004

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.004

0.0001

IFN-γ (pg/ml)

IFN-γ/creatinine

0.3±1.8

0.4±2.5

1.1±6.7

0.3±2.2

2.9±11.6

1.0±3.9

10.5±33.5

7.5±23.9

0.41

0.41

0.23

0.23

0.29

0.29

  1. Statistical significant differences between healthy controls, patients with early hantavirus infection and patients with late hantavirus infection are shown in bold.
  2. All data are given as mean±1SD. p1 = early phase acute hantavirus infection (n = 64) vs. healthy controls; p2 = late phase acute hantavirus infection vs. healthy controls; p3 = early phase (n = 21) vs. late phase acute hantavirus infection. P-values were calculated using Mann-Whitney-U and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank tests. Adjustment for multiple testing was done according to the method of Bonferroni. Only p-values of <0.01 after adjustment were considered to be significant and are bold printed. *only early phase samples of patients for which a corresponding late phase sample was available. To exclude cytokine accumulation due to impairment of renal excretion function, cytokine/creatinine ratios were calculated.