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Table 1 Comparison of levels of intracellular (P. falciparum-specific) and plasma cytokines and chemokines between IPTi treatment groups for each cross-sectional visit.

From: Intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine does not modify plasma cytokines and chemokines or intracellular cytokine responses to Plasmodium falciparum in Mozambican Children

   

Unadjusted geometric mean

Unadjusted linear regression*

Adjusted linear regression*,†

   

Placebo

SP

P value‡

 

P value

 

P value

Cytokines and chemokines

Age (months)

GM

95% CI

GM

95% CI

 

Proportional difference§

 

Proportional difference

 

Intracellular (% producing lymphocytes)

IFN-γ

5

0.17

0.13 - 0.23

0.13

0.10 - 0.18

0.210

0.77

0.207

0.80

0.293

  

9

0.05

0.04 - 0.07

0.05

0.04 - 0.07

0.994

1.00

0.994

1.01

0.965

  

12

0.07

0.05 - 0.11

0.05

0.03 - 0.08

0.348

0.75

0.344

0.76

0.363

  

24

0.05

0.04 - 0.08

0.04

0.03 - 0.06

0.395

0.80

0.391

0.82

0.433

 

IL-4

5

0.96

0.81 - 1.12

0.94

0.80 - 1.10

0.864

0.98

0.863

1.00

0.995

  

9

0.87

0.77 - 0.99

0.82

0.71 - 0.95

0.544

0.94

0.542

0.94

0.546

  

12

0.80

0.64 - 0.99

0.91

0.71 - 1.17

0.427

1.14

0.422

1.13

0.453

  

24

0.86

0.70 - 1.04

0.82

0.65 - 1.04

0.814

0.96

0.812

0.97

0.848

 

IL-10

5

0.37

0.30 - 0.45

0.36

0.31 - 0.43

0.933

0.99

0.933

1.01

0.922

  

9

0.15

0.12 - 0.19

0.18

0.15 - 0.21

0.285

1.16

0.282

1.15

0.294

  

12

0.23

0.17 - 0.31

0.22

0.17 - 0.31

0.886

0.97

0.885

0.96

0.852

  

24

0.32

0.25 - 0.42

0.35

0.27 - 0.45

0.667

1.08

0.664

1.07

0.695

Plasma (pg/ml)

IL-2

5

16.17

12.31 - 21.24

17.25

13.04 - 22.82

0.742

1.07

0.741

1.12

0.569

  

9

12.99

9.48 - 17.79

12.17

9.35 - 15.83

0.752

0.94

0.750

0.93

0.742

  

12

8.56

6.34 - 11.56

7.17

5.22 - 9.86

0.424

0.84

0.422

0.84

0.438

  

24

7.09

5.08 - 9.90

5.36

3.83 - 7.49

0.241

0.76

0.237

0.76

0.254

 

IL-12

5

2.36

1.80 - 3.10

1.87

1.34 - 2.61

0.280

0.79

0.277

0.79

0.284

  

9

2.37

1.74 - 3.22

1.54

1.21 - 1.96

0.030

0.65

0.030

0.66

0.030

  

12

1.43

1.14 - 1.78

1.31

1.08 - 1.58

0.550

0.92

0.548

0.93

0.596

  

24

2.35

1.83 - 3.01

2.22

1.74 - 2.83

0.747

0.95

0.745

0.97

0.844

 

IFN-γ

5

156.50

105.27-232.66

147.8

98.96 - 220.93

0.842

0.94

0.841

0.97

0.928

  

9

145.93

93.78 - 227.08

115.0

75.84 - 174.44

0.437

0.79

0.435

0.79

0.434

  

12

77.61

51.44 - 117.10

55.47

35.17 - 87.47

0.280

0.71

0.278

0.71

0.267

  

24

128.29

85.71 - 192.03

79.89

51.45 - 124.06

0.116

0.62

0.113

0.62

0.106

 

IL-1β

5

35.03

25.11 - 48.87

41.15

28.66 - 59.09

0.516

1.17

0.514

1.16

0.547

  

9

11.61

8.50 - 15.86

11.45

8.46 - 15.50

0.950

0.99

0.950

0.99

0.957

  

12

13.53

9.70 - 18.86

13.98

10.54 - 18.55

0.880

1.03

0.879

1.04

0.869

  

24

20.05

13.99 - 28.73

17.64

12.12 - 25.69

0.625

0.88

0.622

0.86

0.566

 

IL-6

5

99.22

72.21 - 136.34

127.6

97.52 - 166.95

0.231

1.29

0.228

1.27

0.254

  

9

59.24

43.36 - 80.95

56.47

41.93 - 76.05

0.825

0.95

0.824

0.95

0.810

  

12

76.28

54.51 - 106.75

70.96

51.65 - 97.48

0.756

0.93

0.755

0.93

0.772

  

24

82.64

55.45 - 123.14

80.68

54.88 - 118.62

0.931

0.98

0.931

0.97

0.907

 

TNF

5

53.64

38.35 - 75.02

54.50

40.40 - 73.51

0.944

1.02

0.943

1.00

0.991

  

9

31.91

22.10 - 46.06

27.30

19.11 - 39.00

0.546

0.86

0.544

0.85

0.534

  

12

21.72

15.16 - 31.12

20.49

14.29 - 29.37

0.820

0.94

0.819

0.95

0.832

  

24

12.36

7.72 - 19.81

9.86

6.58 - 14.76

0.468

0.80

0.464

0.78

0.430

 

IL-4

5

3.95

2.83 - 5.52

5.64

4.18 - 7.62

0.117

1.43

0.115

1.49

0.078

  

9

2.96

1.99 - 4.39

3.64

2.69 - 4.93

0.403

1.23

0.401

1.23

0.406

  

12

2.49

1.81 - 3.44

2.65

1.93 - 3.64

0.785

1.06

0.783

1.08

0.747

  

24

1.41

0.98 - 2.04

1.44

1.09 - 1.90

0.939

1.02

0.938

1.01

0.972

 

IL-5

5

2.65

2.14 - 3.28

2.66

2.16 - 3.29

0.966

1.01

0.966

1.03

0.833

  

9

2.57

1.97 - 3.35

2.16

1.73 - 2.69

0.310

0.84

0.307

0.84

0.313

  

12

2.05

1.68 - 2.50

1.62

1.32 - 2.00

0.109

0.79

0.106

0.80

0.116

  

24

2.15

1.87 - 2.46

1.97

1.75 - 2.22

0.349

0.92

0.346

0.92

0.351

 

IL-13

5

0.81

0.66 - 0.99

0.78

0.61 - 0.99

0.811

0.96

0.810

0.97

0.858

  

9

0.71

0.54 - 0.92

0.57

0.46 - 0.71

0.212

0.81

0.209

0.81

0.213

  

12

0.56

0.45 - 0.69

0.41

0.32 - 0.52

0.052

0.73

0.050

0.74

0.068

  

24

1.36

1.11 - 1.67

1.36

1.11 - 1.67

0.993

1.00

0.993

1.01

0.930

 

IL-10

5

3.77

3.01 - 4.72

4.20

3.32 - 5.32

0.510

1.11

0.508

1.14

0.431

  

9

3.94

3.00 - 5.16

3.56

2.94 - 4.30

0.540

0.90

0.538

0.89

0.483

  

12

2.74

2.21 - 3.40

2.45

1.99 - 3.01

0.451

0.89

0.449

0.91

0.536

  

24

2.53

2.00 - 3.19

2.40

1.80 - 3.20

0.781

0.95

0.779

1.00

0.997

 

IL-7

5

3.79

3.13 - 4.59

3.37

2.80 - 4.04

0.379

0.89

0.376

0.91

0.465

  

9

3.98

3.13 - 5.05

3.20

2.71 - 3.79

0.144

0.81

0.142

0.81

0.144

  

12

3.01

2.55 - 3.54

2.33

1.96 - 2.79

0.038

0.78

0.037

0.78

0.043

  

24

2.41

2.11 - 2.75

2.29

2.02 - 2.59

0.560

0.95

0.556

0.94

0.519

 

IL-17

5

4.73

3.47 - 6.45

4.77

3.70 - 6.16

0.968

1.01

0.968

0.99

0.950

  

9

3.72

2.86 - 4.84

2.87

2.22 - 3.72

0.167

0.77

0.164

0.78

0.169

  

12

3.01

2.32 - 3.91

2.93

2.29 - 3.76

0.887

0.97

0.886

0.98

0.890

  

24

5.56

4.37 - 7.08

4.28

3.26 - 5.61

0.152

0.77

0.149

0.76

0.134

 

G-CSF

5

17.84

14.28 - 22.29

16.05

12.87 - 20.01

0.502

0.90

0.499

0.91

0.540

  

9

13.85

10.91 - 17.57

12.32

9.98 - 15.19

0.464

0.89

0.462

0.89

0.467

  

12

10.48

8.17 - 13.44

11.11

9.18 - 13.44

0.712

1.06

0.710

1.07

0.647

  

24

27.96

23.58 - 33.16

22.21

19.14 - 25.76

0.044

0.79

0.042

0.79

0.043

 

GM-CSF

5

18.29

11.87 - 28.19

19.95

13.03 - 30.54

0.777

1.09

0.776

1.12

0.712

  

9

18.34

11.82 - 28.46

12.78

8.34 - 19.59

0.243

0.70

0.240

0.70

0.243

  

12

10.62

7.05 - 16.00

8.10

5.37 - 12.24

0.356

0.76

0.353

0.77

0.363

  

24

10.91

7.05 - 16.87

8.77

6.23 - 12.35

0.433

0.80

0.429

0.81

0.437

 

MCP-1

5

43.17

36.47 - 51.10

46.18

38.41 - 55.51

0.594

1.07

0.592

1.08

0.547

  

9

41.14

33.21 - 50.95

41.49

35.24 - 48.85

0.949

1.01

0.949

1.01

0.969

  

12

39.93

33.47 - 47.62

32.71

27.32 - 39.16

0.118

0.82

0.116

0.82

0.122

  

24

56.52

48.17 - 66.32

50.18

41.82 - 60.22

0.330

0.89

0.326

0.89

0.332

 

MIP-1β

5

565.32

474.10 - 674.10

693.5

603.63 - 796.78

0.070

1.23

0.069

1.18

0.131

  

9

402.91

342.05 - 474.60

456.4

387.36 - 537.80

0.287

1.13

0.285

1.13

0.291

  

12

487.27

413.65 - 573.99

583.6

482.50 - 705.98

0.157

1.20

0.155

1.20

0.153

  

24

618.41

515.94 - 741.22

593.8

494.69 - 712.89

0.754

0.96

0.752

0.96

0.770

 

IL-8

5

200.40

148.28 - 270.82

238.2

183.74 - 308.79

0.389

1.19

0.386

1.15

0.489

  

9

126.87

99.27 - 162.15

139.2

108.84 - 178.11

0.597

1.10

0.596

1.10

0.592

  

12

183.34

143.44 - 234.33

228.4

174.16 - 299.56

0.236

1.25

0.234

1.24

0.244

  

24

208.38

150.71 - 288.13

170.5

123.01 - 236.25

0.386

0.82

0.382

0.81

0.345

  1. The three analyses methods are presented and P values correspond to each one of these.
  2. * Linear regression
  3. † Adjusted by previous episodes of clinical malaria
  4. ‡ T test
  5. § Proportional difference in cytokine/chemokine concentrations in SP-recipients in relation to placebo-recipients
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