Figure 1From: The timing of TGF-β inhibition affects the generation of antigen-specific CD8+ T CellsTGF-β signaling pathway. Panel A: unimpeded TGF-β signaling pathway: 1. Ligand binding induces TGF-β receptor type II (TGF-βRII) dimerization. 2. TGF-β type I (TGF-βRI) receptor recruitment. 3. TGF-βRI phosphorylation and activation. 4. SMAD phosphorylation by TGF-βRI. 5. Co-SMAD4 binding. 7. Translocation to the nucleus to activate or repress target genes. Panel B: sTGF-βR-mediated inhibition of TGF-β signaling. 1. Ligand does not bind TGF-βRII. 2. TGF-βRI is not recruited, phosphorylated, and activated. 3. Downstream effect is inhibition of TGF-βRII mediated phosphorylation of SMAD proteins.Back to article page