Table 1 Summary: comparison of macrophage activation regulatory factors in human pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) patients and GM-CSF knockout mice
From: Alveolar macrophages of GM-CSF knockout mice exhibit mixed M1 and M2 phenotypes
Regulatory factors | Associated macrophage phenotype | PAP patients | GM-CSF knockout mice |
|---|---|---|---|
GM-CSF | M1 | Deficient protein, not mRNA [28] | Absent [11] |
Activin A | M1 | Deficient [16] | Elevated |
IL-6 | M1 | Not done | Elevated |
CCL5 | M1 | Not done | Elevated |
IFNγ | M1 | mRNA - not elevated (comparable to healthy controls) | Elevated [23] |
INOS | M1 | Undetectable in human alveolar macrophages (unpublished observation) | Elevated |
M-CSF | M2 | Elevated [30] | Elevated [22] |
PPARγ | M2 | Deficient [31] | Deficient [31] |
CCL2 | M2 | Elevated [32] | Elevated |
IL-10 | M2 | Elevated [29] | Elevated |
MMP2 | M2 | Elevated [33] | Elevated [33] |