Table 2 ATRA, 9-cis RA and 13-cis RA significantly decrease the production ofTh1-associated cytokines from anti-CD3-stimulated PBMC cultures in a dose-dependent fashion.

0.63 ± 0.04

0.61 ± 0.05

0.43 ± 0.13

0.38 ± 0.10

0.76 ± 0.06

0.38 ± 0.09

0.32 ± 0.06

0.30 ± 0.05

0.64 ± 0.11

0.59 ± 0.04

0.53 ± 0.04

0.47 ± 0.09

0.83 ± 0.11

0.75 ± 0.07

0.73 ± 0.02

0.65 ± 0.03

p = 0.0001

p < 0.0001

p < 0.01

1 nM vs 100 nM

1 nM vs 1000 nM

p < 0.01

4-HPR vs ATRA

4-HPR vs 9-cis RA

4-HPR vs 13-cis RA

Fold vs Control ± SE (n = 3)

Dose (nM)

1

10

100

1000

0.57 ± 0.18

0.40 ± 0.11

0.36 ± 0.13

0.27 ± 0.12

1.0 ± 0.12

0.39 ± 0.07

0.25 ± 0.19

0.21 ± 0.09

1.1 ± 0.29

0.61 ± 0.20

0.42 ± 0.14

0.41 ± 0.09

1.2 ± 0.47

1.2 ± 0.41

0.94 ± 0.26

0.84 ± 0.16

p = 0.004

p = 0.0007

p < 0.05

1 nM vs 100 nM

p < 0.01

1 nM vs 1000 nM

p < 0.01

4-HPR vs ATRA

4-HPR vs 9-cis-RA

p < 0.01

4-HPR vs 13-cis-RA