Evidence for abnormal cytokine expression in Gulf War Illness: A preliminary analysis of daily immune monitoring data

Table 1 Participant demographic information and baseline symptom and medical profile

Participant	Group	Age (yrs)	Ethnicity	Alcohol intake/week (standard drinks)	Liver disease	Average pain (0–10 NRS)	HADS Anxiety score	HADS Depression score	Fatigue mean ± .d.	WBC K/μL	Platelets K/μL	CRP mg/dL	ESR mm/hr	ANAS	TSH mIU/L	RHF
1	HV	47	Caucasian	9	neg.	0	1	1	0 ± 0	6.3	242	<0.2	0	neg.	1.11	neg.
2	HV	50	Asian	1	neg.	0	0	1	0 ± 0	4.7	219	<0.2	1	neg.	1.24	neg.
3	HV	42	Caucasian	15	neg.	1	1	3	17 ± 6	5.1	218	<0.2	0	neg.	0.86	neg.
4	HV	41	Caucasian	6	neg.	0	6	1	0 ± 0	7.3	212	<0.2	4	neg.	1.04	neg.
5	HV	57	Caucasian	0	neg.	0	2	0	2 ± 3	6.3	239	0.8	30	neg.	0.96	neg.
6	HV	54	Caucasian	1	neg.	3	14	11	65 ± 25	7.0	234	<0.2	5	neg.	1.83	neg.
7	HV	44	Caucasian	1	neg.	2	5	4	0 ± 0	9.4	189	0.5	5	neg.	2.42	neg.
8	HV	48	Latino	0	neg.	0	3	1	5 ± 16	7.9	332	0.6	2	neg.	0.96	neg.
9	GWI	41	Caucasian	42^*	neg.	6	8	7	50 ± 14	10.1	262	0.2	1	1:80	1.27	neg.
10	GWI	42	Caucasian	1	neg.	2	11	10	25 ± 15	6.6	212	<0.2	2	neg.	1.98	neg.
11	GWI	44	Pacific Islander	1^*	neg.	2	6	7	65 ± 12	12.3	284	1.0	1	neg.	2.22	neg.
12	GWI	48	Caucasian	0	neg.	5	8	3	37 ± 15	7.4	256	<0.2	2	neg.	1.49	neg.
13	GWI	48	Asian	0	neg.	2	11	6	11 ± 11	4.4	188	<0.2	9	neg.	1.90	neg.
14	GWI	47	Caucasian	7	neg.	2	5	1	21 ± 16	5.8	191	<0.2	2	neg.	1.08	neg.
15	GWI	43	Caucasian	6	neg.	3	9	4	24 ± 19	5.3	278	<0.2	2	neg.	0.63	neg.

Except for fatigue, all data shown were obtained during each participant’s screening session. Fatigue means and standard deviations were calculated for each participant from the self-report scores provided during the immune-monitoring phase. HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score. Blood test results include white blood cell count (WBC), platelets, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), antinuclear antibody test (ANA), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and rheumatoid factor test (RHF). Neg. = negative. ^*Participant 9 currently diagnosed with alcohol addiction; participant 11 recovered from alcohol addiction. There was no significant difference in alcohol intake between the healthy (median = 1; IQR = 6) and the GWI (median = 1; IQR = 7) groups (U = 27.0, p = 0.955). There was a significant difference in HADS-Anxiety (t = −2.254, p = 0.042) between HV (mean = 4.0, sd = 4.5) and GWI (mean = 8.3, sd = 2.3), but not for depression (t = −1.559, p = 0.143)

ISSN: 1471-2172