Fig. 2

The effects of short and long-term HighGlu on BMDM gene expression and NO production. Bone marrow cells were cultured for 7 days under NormGlu (white bars) or HighGlu (black bars) conditions. They were then plated and stimulated with LPS + IFNγ (M1) or IL-4 (M2) for 24 h. For short-term HighGlu, cells differentiated under NormGlu, were exposed to HighGlu for 24 h along with M1 or M2 stimulation. a-c qRT-PCR showing the expression of immune-related genes in naïve (a), LPS + IFNγ (b) or IL-4 (c) treated BMDMs after short-term exposure to HighGlu treatment. d Graph showing the concentration of NO in supernatants of naïve and LPS + IFNγ-treated BMDMs under NormGlu or short-term HighGlu conditions. e-g qRT-PCR showing the expression of immune-related genes in naïve (e), LPS + IFNγ (f) or IL-4 (g) treated BMDMs after long-term exposure to HighGlu treatment. h NO concentration in the supernatants of naïve and LPS + IFNγ stimulated BMDMs after long-term HighGlu. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. Unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test was performed. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001