Fig. 1

Perturbations of Foxp3⁺Helios⁺ Treg cells in HIV-1-infected individuals. The gating strategy for analysis of Foxp3⁺Helios⁺ and Foxp3⁺CD25⁺ is indicated (a). Paired comparison of %Foxp3⁺CD25⁺ (blank) and %Foxp3⁺Helios⁺ (gray) Treg populations in HIV-1-infected patients (b). Frequencies of Foxp3⁺Helios⁺ (c), Foxp3⁺Helios⁺CD45RO⁺ (d), and Foxp3⁺Helios⁺CD45RA⁺ (e) were determined by flow cytometry in HC, AHI, CHI&ART-, and CHI&ART+ patients. The box in Fig. 1 marks the min and max values, and the horizontal lines in (c), (d), and (e) depict median values. Correlation between the frequency of Foxp3⁺Helios⁺CD45RA⁺ and CD4 T-cell counts (f) as well as the CD4/CD8 ratio (g) during acute and chronic HIV-1 infection. Correlation between viral loads and the levels of Foxp3⁺Helios⁺ (circular), Foxp3⁺Helios⁺CD45RO⁺ (square), and Foxp3⁺Helios⁺CD45RA⁺ Treg cells (triangle) in AHI and CHI&ART- patients (h). All p values were calculated using an ANOVA, Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, and the Spearman correlation test