Fig. 1

D-mannose inhibits BMDCs activation in vitro and BMDC-induced antigen-specific T-cell responses in vitro. BMDCs from B6 mice were cultured with G10, M10, or G10M10 for 24 h with or without LPS, or with OVA. Cell viability (a) and surface marker expression (b-d) were analyzed by flow cytometry. TNF-α (e) and IL-6 (f) were measured at the message level in unstimulated and stimulated cells and the protein level in the supernatants. (g) Mx1 gene expression was measured in unstimulated and stimulated cells. h. B6 BMDCs were treated with G10 or G10M10 medium for 24 h, then loaded with OVA protein and incubated with OT-II CD4⁺ T cells in G10 or G10M10 co-culture medium for 4 d. At d5, proliferation (i and j) and CD69 expression (d) were measured in CD4⁺ T cells by flow cytometry comparing 3 conditions: G10 for both BMDCs and co-culture (G10 – G10), G10M10 BMDCs and G10 co-culture (G10M10 – G10), or G10M10 for both BMDCs and co-culture (G10M10 – G10M10). Mean ± S.E.M of n = 4–7 per group from 2 to 3 separate experiments compared with t tests. *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001