Fig. 2

D-mannose expanded the steady-state Treg population. B6 mice were treated with or without D-mannose in drinking water. Phenotypes were analyzed at week 3 in the peripheral blood and week 9 in the spleen. a. Representative FACS plots of Treg cells in CD3⁺-gated PBMCs. Frequency of Treg cells (b) and CD4⁺ T cells (c) in CD3⁺ PBMCs. n = 16 per group from 2 separate experiments compared with t tests. d. Frequency of Treg cells in CD4⁺ splenocytes. CD122 (e), CD132 (f) and GITR (g) MFI on Treg cells expressed as fold change relative to the Ctrl group. Mean ± S.E.M of n = 4–5 per group compared with t tests. *: p < 0.05, ***: p < 0.001