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  1. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV. The T cell epitopes of the SARS CoV spike protein are well known, but no systematic evaluati...

    Authors: Jun Huang, Yingnan Cao, Xianzhang Bu and Changyou Wu
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:50
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Influenza infection may be more serious in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, therefore, vaccination against seasonal and pandemic strains is highly advised. Seasonal influenza vaccines h...

    Authors: Deborah Kelly, Kimberley Burt, Bayan Missaghi, Lisa Barrett, Yoav Keynan, Keith Fowke and Michael Grant
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:49
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV, a multifunctional serine protease, is implicated in regulation of malignant transformation, promotion and further progression of cancer, exerting tumor-suppressing or even completely o...

    Authors: Ivana Z Matić, Marija Đorđić, Nađa Grozdanić, Ana Damjanović, Branka Kolundžija, Aleksandra Erić-Nikolić, Radan Džodić, Miomir Šašić, Srđan Nikolić, Danijela Dobrosavljević, Sanvila Rašković, Slađana Andrejević, Dušica Gavrilović, Oscar J Cordero and Zorica D Juranić
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:48
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. IFNγ-producing CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ PBL represent a subtype of iTreg that are associated with good long-term graft outcome in renal transplant recipients and suppress alloresponses in-vitro. To study the mechanism of ...

    Authors: Volker Daniel, Mahmoud Sadeghi, Haihao Wang and Gerhard Opelz
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:47
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. The role of IL-7 and pre-TCR signaling during T cell development has been well characterized in murine but not in human system. We and others have reported that human BM hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) d...

    Authors: Ekta S Patel, Starlyn Okada, Kevin Hachey, Li-jun Yang, Scott K Durum, Jan S Moreb and Lung-Ji Chang
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:46
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Allergic skin inflammation such as atopic dermatitis (AD), which is characterized by pruritus and inflammation, is regulated partly through the activity of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Tregs play key roles in t...

    Authors: Sang-Chul Han, Gyeoung-Jin Kang, Yeong-Jong Ko, Hee-Kyoung Kang, Sang-Wook Moon, Yong-Seok Ann and Eun-Sook Yoo
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:44
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Mugwort pollen allergens represent the main cause of pollinosis in late summer. The major allergen, Art v 1, contains only one single immunodominant, solely HLA-DR-restricted T cell epitope (Art v 125-36). The fr...

    Authors: Bernhard Knapp, Gottfried Fischer, Dries Van Hemelen, Ingrid Fae, Bernard Maillere, Christof Ebner, Wolfgang Schreiner, Barbara Bohle and Beatrice Jahn-Schmid
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:43
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. The development of ascites in cirrhotic patients generally heralds a deterioration in their clinical status. A differential gene expression profile between alcohol- and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cirrhosi...

    Authors: Ana Tapia-Abellán, María Martínez-Esparza, Antonio J Ruiz-Alcaraz, Trinidad Hernández-Caselles, Cristina Martínez-Pascual, Manuel Miras-López, José Such, Rubén Francés and Pilar García-Peñarrubia
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:42
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. As a member of the TNF superfamily, TRAIL could induce human tumor cell apoptosis through its cognate death receptors DR4 or DR5, which can induce formation of the death inducing signaling complex (DISC) and a...

    Authors: Chunxia Qiao, Meiyun Hu, Leiming Guo, Ming Lv, Zhou Lin, Jing Geng, Xiaoling Lang, Xinying Li, Yan Li, Yuanfang Ma, Jiannan Feng and Beifen Shen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:40
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Staphylococcus aureus is the major cause of hospital-acquired and community-acquired pneumonia. Host defense to S.aureus infection is largely mediated by the innate immune system. γδ T cells play an important rol...

    Authors: Ping Cheng, Tao Liu, Wei-Ying Zhou, Yuan Zhuang, Liu-sheng Peng, Jin-yu Zhang, Zhi-Nan Yin, Xu-hu Mao, Gang Guo, Yun Shi and Quan-ming Zou
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:38
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Immunological parameters are hard to measure. A well-known problem is the occurrence of values below the detection limit, the non-detects. Non-detects are a nuisance, because classical statistical analyses, li...

    Authors: Paul HC Eilers, Esther Röder, Huub FJ Savelkoul and Roy Gerth van Wijk
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:37
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  17. Antigen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) has been widely practiced in treating allergic diseases such as asthma. However, this therapy may induce a series of allergic adverse events during treatment. Peptide immun...

    Authors: Wen Su, Wenwei Zhong, Yanjie Zhang and Zhenwei Xia
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:34
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Anthrax lethal toxin (LT), produced by the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is a highly effective zinc dependent metalloprotease that cleaves the N-terminus of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases ...

    Authors: Kassidy M Chauncey, M Cecilia Lopez, Gurjit Sidhu, Sarah E Szarowicz, Henry V Baker, Conrad Quinn and Frederick S Southwick
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:33
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Continuous diabetes-associated complications are a major source of immune system exhaustion and an increased incidence of infection. Diabetes can cause poor circulation in the feet, increasing the likelihood o...

    Authors: Gamal Badr, Badr M Badr, Mohamed H Mahmoud, Mohamed Mohany, Danny M Rabah and Olivier Garraud
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:32
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Upon stimulation with different cytokines, macrophages can undergo classical or alternative activation to become M1 or M2 macrophages. Alternatively activated (or M2) macrophages are defined by their expressio...

    Authors: Dapeng Gong, Wei Shi, Sun-ju Yi, Hui Chen, John Groffen and Nora Heisterkamp
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:31
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are required for proper maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. Folate receptor 4 (FR4) is expressed at high levels in transforming growth factor-beta (TG...

    Authors: Yi Tian, Guoqiang Wu, Jun-Chao Xing, Jun Tang, Yi Zhang, Ze-Min Huang, Zheng-Cai Jia, Ren Zhao, Zhi-Qiang Tian, Shu-Feng Wang, Xiao-Ling Chen, Li Wang, Yu-Zhang Wu and Bing Ni
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:30
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. The ICOS-B7h costimulatory receptor-ligand pair is required for germinal center formation, the production of isotype-switched antibodies, and antibody affinity maturation in response to T cell-dependent antige...

    Authors: Kevin Larimore, Linda Liang, Sonia Bakkour and William C Sha
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:29
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Decoy receptor 3 (DcR3), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, is associated with anti-tumor immunity suppression. It is highly expressed in many tumors, and its expression can be ...

    Authors: Donghai Yang, Xin Fan, Ping Yin, Qiang Wen, Feng Yan, Sibo Yuan, Bin Liu, Guohong Zhuang and Zhongchen Liu
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:28
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) leading to acute kidney failure, is a condition linked to the production of primarily Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) by some E. coli serotypes. We have previously shown that Stx2 A subunit-s...

    Authors: Abhineet Sheoran, Kwang-il Jeong, Jean Mukherjee, Anthony Wiffin, Pradeep Singh and Saul Tzipori
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:27
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Ehrlichia chaffeens is is a bacterial pathogen that causes fatal human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) that mimic toxic shock-like syndrome. Murine studies indicate that over activation of cellular immunity followed...

    Authors: Nahed Ismail, David H Walker, Purnima Ghose and Yi-Wei Tang
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:26
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is an important failure mechanism of total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Here we examine whether the particular genetic variants can lead to increased susceptibility to PJI develop...

    Authors: Anna Stahelova, Frantisek Mrazek, Matej Smizansky, Martin Petrek and Jiri Gallo
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:25
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Considerable evidence supports the concept of active communication between the nervous and immune systems. One class of such communicators are the neuropeptides (NPs). Recent reports have highlighted the antim...

    Authors: Daria Augustyniak, Adam Jankowski, Paweł Mackiewicz, Agnieszka Skowyra, Jan Gutowicz and Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:24
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Activation signals can be negatively regulated by cell surface receptors bearing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). CD300a, an ITIM bearing type I transmembrane protein, is expressed on m...

    Authors: Karen E DeBell, Venkateswara R Simhadri, John L Mariano and Francisco Borrego
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:23
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. DC are among the first antigen presenting cells encountering bacteria at mucosal surfaces, and play an important role in maintenance of regular homeostasis in the intestine. Upon stimulation DC undergo activat...

    Authors: Anna-Maria Gerlach, Alexander Steimle, Lea Krampen, Alexandra Wittmann, Kerstin Gronbach, Julia Geisel, Ingo B Autenrieth and Julia-Stefanie Frick
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:22
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Dendritic cells (DCs) are part of the innate immune system with a key role in initiating and modulating T cell mediated immune responses. Coeliac disease is caused by inappropriate activation of such a respons...

    Authors: William J Dalleywater, David YS Chau and Amir M Ghaemmaghami
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:20
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. CD33 is a membrane receptor containing a lectin domain and a cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) that is able to inhibit cytokine production. CD33 is expressed by monocytes, and r...

    Authors: Yolanda Gonzalez, M Teresa Herrera, Gloria Soldevila, Lourdes Garcia-Garcia, Guadalupe Fabián, E Martha Pérez-Armendariz, Karen Bobadilla, Silvia Guzmán-Beltrán, Eduardo Sada and Martha Torres
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:19
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. The Smyth line (SL) of chicken is an excellent avian model for human autoimmune vitiligo. The etiology of vitiligo is complicated and far from clear. In order to better understand critical components leading t...

    Authors: Fengying Shi, Byung-Whi Kong, Joon Jin Song, Jeong Yoon Lee, Robert L Dienglewicz and Gisela F Erf
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:18
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Autoimmunity to collagen VII is typically associated with the skin blistering disease epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), but also occurs occasionally in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus or inflam...

    Authors: Emilia Licarete, Susanne Ganz, Martin J Recknagel, Giovanni Di Zenzo, Takashi Hashimoto, Michael Hertl, Giovanna Zambruno, Gheorghe Hundorfean, Jonas Mudter, Markus F Neurath, Leena Bruckner-Tuderman and Cassian Sitaru
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:16
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with faster progression of liver disease and an increase in HCV persistence. However, the mechanism by which H...

    Authors: Jing Qu, Qi Zhang, Youxing Li, Weiyong Liu, Lvxiao Chen, Ying Zhu and Jianguo Wu
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:15
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Evidence is accumulating that chronic inflammation may have an important role in prostate cancer (PCa). The COX-2 polymorphism rs2745557 (+202 C/T) has been extensively investigated as a potential risk factor ...

    Authors: Hongtuan Zhang, Yong Xu, Zhihong Zhang, Ranlu Liu and Baojie Ma
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:14
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Molecular mimicry between microbial antigens and host-proteins is one of the etiological enigmas for the occurrence of autoimmune diseases. T cells that recognize cross-reactive epitopes may trigger autoimmune...

    Authors: Sathi Babu Chodisetti, Pradeep K Rai, Uthaman Gowthaman, Susanta Pahari and Javed N Agrewala
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:13
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. T lymphocytes are orchestrators of adaptive immunity. Naïve T cells may differentiate into Th1, Th2, Th17 or iTreg phenotypes, depending on environmental co-stimulatory signals. To identify genes and pathways ...

    Authors: Ruben L Smeets, Wilco WM Fleuren, Xuehui He, Paul M Vink, Frank Wijnands, Monika Gorecka, Henri Klop, Sussane Bauerschmidt, Anja Garritsen, Hans JPM Koenen, Irma Joosten, Annemieke MH Boots and Wynand Alkema
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:12
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Prolactin is secreted from the pituitary gland and other organs, as well as by cells such as lymphocytes. Prolactin has an immunostimulatory effect and is associated with autoimmune diseases that are character...

    Authors: Yadira Ledesma-Soto, Francisco Blanco-Favela, Ezequiel M Fuentes-Pananá, Emiliano Tesoro-Cruz, Rafael Hernández-González, Lourdes Arriaga-Pizano, María V Legorreta-Haquet, Eduardo Montoya-Diaz, Luis Chávez-Sánchez, María E Castro-Mussot and Adriana K Chávez-Rueda
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:11
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. The pathophysiological significance of variable region glycosylation of autoantibodies is still unclear. In the current study, the influence of the variable region N-linked oligosaccharides on the reactivity o...

    Authors: Peng-Cheng Xu, Shen-Ju Gou, Xiao-Wei Yang, Zhao Cui, Xiao-Yu Jia, Min Chen and Ming-Hui Zhao
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:10
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzymes play a critical role in the development of T helper lymphocytes, including Th2 cells, and directly program chromatin structure at Th2 cytokine genes. Different versions of ...

    Authors: Andrea L Wurster, Patricia Precht, Kevin G Becker, William H Wood III, Yongqing Zhang, Zhong Wang and Michael J Pazin
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:9
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Thymic involution is a prominent characteristic of an aging immune system. When thymic function is reduced/absent, the peripheral T cell pool is subject to the laws of peripheral T cell homeostasis that favor ...

    Authors: Zohreh Tatari-Calderone, Milica Stojakovic, Ramita Dewan, Gama Le Bouder, Dragana Jankovic and Stanislav Vukmanovic
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:8
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Cervical cancer represents the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the defense aga...

    Authors: Miriam I Jimenez-Perez, Luis F Jave-Suarez, Pablo C Ortiz-Lazareno, Alejandro Bravo-Cuellar, Oscar Gonzalez-Ramella, Adriana Aguilar-Lemarroy, Georgina Hernandez-Flores, Ana L Pereira-Suarez, Adrian Daneri-Navarro and Susana del Toro-Arreola
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:7
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. The IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα) chain has a broad expression pattern and participates in IL-4 and IL-13 signaling, allowing it to influence several pathological components of allergic lung inflammation. We previo...

    Authors: Andrew Q Ford, Preeta Dasgupta, Irina Mikhailenko, Elizabeth MP Smith, Nancy Noben-Trauth and Achsah D Keegan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:6
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Cytokines and chemokines are key mediators of anti-malarial immunity. We evaluated whether Intermittent Preventive Treatment in infants with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (IPTi-SP) had an effect on the acquisition...

    Authors: Diana Quelhas, Laura Puyol, Llorenç Quintó, Tacilta Nhampossa, Elisa Serra-Casas, Eusébio Macete, Pedro Aide, Sergi Sanz, John J Aponte, Denise L Doolan, Pedro L Alonso, Clara Menéndez and Carlota Dobaño
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:5
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. The genus Micrurus, coral snakes (Serpentes, Elapidae), comprises more than 120 species and subspecies distributed from the south United States to the south of South America. Micrurus snake bites can cause death ...

    Authors: Gabriela D Tanaka, Giselle Pidde-Queiroz, Maria de Fátima D Furtado, Carmen van den Berg and Denise V Tambourgi
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:4
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. The CXCR3 receptor and its three interferon-inducible ligands (CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11) have been implicated as playing a central role in directing a Th1 inflammatory response. Recent studies strongly support...

    Authors: Chung-Her Jenh, Mary Ann Cox, Long Cui, Eva-Pia Reich, Lee Sullivan, Shu-Cheng Chen, David Kinsley, Shiguang Qian, Seong Heon Kim, Stuart Rosenblum, Joseph Kozlowski, Jay S Fine, Paul J Zavodny and Daniel Lundell
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Experimental studies in humans have yielded evidence that adaptive immune function, including the production of antigen-specific antibodies, is distinctly impaired when sleep is deprived at the time of first a...

    Authors: Christian Benedict, Maria Brytting, Agneta Markström, Jan-Erik Broman and Helgi Birgir Schiöth
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:1
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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