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  1. Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, an emerging bacterial infectious disease in tropical and subtropical areas. We recently showed that NADPH oxidase but not nitric oxide (NO) contrib...

    Authors: Katrin Breitbach, Patimaporn Wongprompitak and Ivo Steinmetz
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:20
  2. Autoantibodies against glutamate decarboxylase-65 (GAD65Abs) are thought to be a major immunological tool involved in pathogenic autoimmunity development in various diseases. GAD65Abs are a sensitive and specific...

    Authors: Mohd Wajid Ali Khan, Kamalpreet Banga, Subhash N Mashal and Wahid Ali Khan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:19
  3. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is widely recognized as an essential element in the triggering of innate immunity, binding pathogen-associated molecules such as Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and in initiating a cascad...

    Authors: Humberto M Garay-Malpartida, Roberta F Mourão, Marluce Mantovani, Icaro A Santos, Mari C Sogayar and Anna C Goldberg
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:18
  4. Haplo-identical hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation is very successful in eradicating haematological tumours, but the long post-transplant T-lymphopenic phase is responsible for high morbidity and mo...

    Authors: Bob Meek, Catharina HMJ Van Elssen, Mirelle JAJ Huijskens, Sjoukje JC van der Stegen, Siebe Tonnaer, Stijn BJ Lumeij, Joris Vanderlocht, Mark A Kirkland, Reinout Hesselink, Wilfred TV Germeraad and Gerard MJ Bos
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:17
  5. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a severe respiratory illness caused by a novel virus, the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). 3C-like protease (3CLpro) of SARS-CoV plays a role in processing viral polypeptid...

    Authors: Hsien-Hua Liao, Yao-Chen Wang, Miles Chih-Ming Chen, Hsien-Yu Tsai, Johnson Lin, Shui-Tein Chen, Gregory Jiazer Tsay and Sun-Long Cheng
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:16
  6. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) for double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) are components of innate immunity that recognize the presence of viral infection and initiate efficient defense mechanisms. In addition to p...

    Authors: James J Yun, Ming-Sound Tsao and Sandy D Der
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:15
  7. Experimental analyses have identified strain-dependent factors that regulate susceptibility to anaphylaxis in mice. We assessed the susceptibility of the widely used 129SvEvBrd (also known as 129S5) mouse stra...

    Authors: Muthuvel Arumugam, Richard Ahrens, Heather Osterfeld, Leah C Kottyan, Xun Shang, John A Maclennan, Nives Zimmermann, Yi Zheng, Fred D Finkelman and Simon P Hogan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:14
  8. The aqueous extract of a Brazilian palm-tree fruit - the babassu - (BAE) exerts a clear immunostimulative activity in vivo. In the present work, the possibility that BAE can promote Th1 immune responses in mice o...

    Authors: Rosane NM Guerra, Virgínia MG Silva, Luciana S Aragão-França, Pablo R Oliveira, Rodrigo Feitosa, Flavia RF Nascimento and Lain C Pontes-de-Carvalho
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:13
  9. Tumor necrosis factor (TNFA) is the canonical member of the TNF superfamily, which plays a major role in both inflammation and apoptosis. To evaluate the role of TNFs in otitis media (OM), the most common dise...

    Authors: Joerg Ebmeyer, Anke Leichtle, Michelle Hernandez, Umay Ebmeyer, Jacob Husseman, Kwang Pak, Holger Sudhoff, David Broide, Stephen I Wasserman and Allen F Ryan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:12
  10. Infections caused by community-associated strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) are associated with a marked and prolonged host inflammatory response. In a sepsis simulation model, we t...

    Authors: Thomas Spentzas, Rebekah KH Shapley, Carlos Acuna Aguirre, Elizabeth Meals, Lauren Lazar, Mark S Rayburn, Brett S Walker and B Keith English
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:11
  11. Neutrophil migration to an inflamed site constitutes the first line of the innate immune response against invading microorganisms. Given the crucial role of endogenous lectins in neutrophil mobilization and ac...

    Authors: Selene Elifio-Esposito, Luciane Tomazeli, Carolina Schwartz, Ana Paula Gimenez, Gabriel M Fugii, Luiz Claudio Fernandes, Luciana FM Zishler, Patrícia M Stuelp-Campelo and Andréa N Moreno
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:10
  12. Adenoviral vectors have provided effective methods for in vivo gene delivery in therapeutic applications. However, these vectors can induce immune responses that may severely affect the ability of vector re-appli...

    Authors: Lars Steinstraesser, Michael Sorkin, Frank Jacobsen, Sammy Al-Benna, Marco Rainer Kesting, Andreas David Niederbichler, Jan-Michel Otte, Tobias Hirsch, Jadwiga Stupka, Hans-Ulrich Steinau and Matthias Schulte
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:8
  13. Marginal zone B cells have been implicated in the production of autoantibodies in murine models of lupus. It has been suggested that they contribute to lupus immunopathogenesis through their enhanced effector ...

    Authors: Zhenhai Zhou, Haitao Niu, Ying-Yi Zheng and Laurence Morel
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:7
  14. West Nile virus (WNV) persists in humans and several animal models. We previously demonstrated that WNV persists in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice for up to 6 months post-inoculation. We hypothesized...

    Authors: Barbara S Stewart, Valerie L Demarest, Susan J Wong, Sharone Green and Kristen A Bernard
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:6
  15. Superantigens (SAgs) of mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTVs) play a crucial role in T cell selection in the thymus in a T cell receptor (TCR) Vβ-specific manner and SAgs presented by B cells activate T cells in...

    Authors: Young-Kwan Lee, Sophia Chiu, Alex Chew, David G Greenhalgh and Kiho Cho
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:5
  16. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a tumor-associated glycoprotein that functions in regulation of both ontogenic and oncogenic growth. Recent study showed that AFP can induce apoptosis or impair monocyte-derived dend...

    Authors: Agus Setiyono, Akterono D Budiyati, Sigit Purwantomo, Madonna R Anggelia, Ismail Fanany, Gunawan A Wibowo, Indra Bachtiar, Andi Utama and Susan Tai
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:4
  17. Shb, a ubiquitously expressed Src homology 2 domain-containing adaptor protein has previously been implicated in the signaling of various tyrosine kinase receptors including the TCR. Shb associates with SLP76,...

    Authors: Karin Gustafsson, Gabriela Calounova, Fredrik Hjelm, Vitezslav Kriz, Birgitta Heyman, Kjell-Olov Grönvik, Gustavo Mostoslavsky and Michael Welsh
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:3
  18. Design of tumour specific immunotherapies using the patients' own dendritic cells (DC) is a fast advancing scientific field. The functional qualities of the DC generated in vitro are critical, and today's gold st...

    Authors: Arnt-Ove Hovden, Marie Karlsen, Roland Jonsson, Hans Jørgen Aarstad and Silke Appel
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:2
  19. Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) is a pattern-recognition molecule present in serum, which is involved in the innate immune defense by activating complement and promoting opsonophagocytosis. Dendritic cells (DCs) a...

    Authors: Mingyong Wang, Yani Zhang, Yue Chen, Liyun Zhang, Xiao Lu and Zhengliang Chen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:1
  20. Immunization with the spike protein (S) of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV) in mice is known to produce neutralizing antibodies and to prevent the infection caused by SARS-CoV. Polyet...

    Authors: Byoung-Shik Shim, Sung-Moo Park, Ji-Shan Quan, Dhananjay Jere, Hyuk Chu, Man Ki Song, Dong Wook Kim, Yong-Suk Jang, Moon-Sik Yang, Seung Hyun Han, Yong-Ho Park, Chong-Su Cho and Cheol-Heui Yun
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:65
  21. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a pattern recognition innate immune molecule, inhibits influenza A virus infection in vitro. MBL deficiency due to gene polymorphism in humans has been associated with infection susc...

    Authors: Wei-Chuan Chang, Mitchell R White, Patience Moyo, Sheree McClear, Steffen Thiel, Kevan L Hartshorn and Kazue Takahashi
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:64
  22. Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli are among the early and important colonizers of the gastrointestinal tract and are generally considered to be part of a normal, healthy microbiota. It is believed that specific ...

    Authors: David O'Mahony, Sharon Murphy, Thomas Boileau, JeanSoon Park, Frances O'Brien, David Groeger, Patrycja Konieczna, Mario Ziegler, Paul Scully, Fergus Shanahan, Barry Kiely and Liam O'Mahony
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:63
  23. Iloprost has been suggested to possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating actions and it is widely use as a vasodilatator in systemic sclerosis (SSc). In this study we evaluate the effect of iloprost on im...

    Authors: Patrizia D'Amelio, Maria A Cristofaro, Lucia D'Amico, Luciana Veneziano, Ilaria Roato, Francesca Sassi, Giuseppina Bisignano, Marta Saracco, Raffaele Pellerito, Salvatore Patanè, Riccardo Ferracini, Gian P Pescarmona and Giovanni C Isaia
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:62
  24. Immunological and genetic findings implicate Th17 effector cytokines in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Expression of Th17 pathway-associated genes is mainly studied in colonic disease. T...

    Authors: Sara Bogaert, Debby Laukens, Harald Peeters, Lode Melis, Kim Olievier, Nico Boon, Gust Verbruggen, Jo Vandesompele, Dirk Elewaut and Martine De Vos
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:61
  25. Coccidioidomycosis or Valley fever is caused by a highly virulent fungal pathogen: Coccidioides posadasii or immitis. Vaccine development against Coccidioides is of contemporary interest because a large number of...

    Authors: Prachi Vilekar, Vibhudutta Awasthi, Pallavi Lagisetty, Catherine King, Nathan Shankar and Shanjana Awasthi
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:60
  26. Preeclampsia is a severe complication of pregnancy characterized by an excessive maternal systemic inflammatory response with activation of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Cytokines, ch...

    Authors: András Szarka, János Rigó Jr, Levente Lázár, Gabriella Bekő and Attila Molvarec
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:59
  27. It is well established that adaptive immune responses induced by hypercholesterolemia play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis, but the pathways involved remain to be fully characterized. I...

    Authors: Daniel Kolbus, Ornélia H Ramos, Katarina E Berg, Josefin Persson, Maria Wigren, Harry Björkbacka, Gunilla Nordin Fredrikson and Jan Nilsson
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:58
  28. Cytokines of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily exert effects on proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation in various cell types. Cancer cells frequently acquire resistance to the anti-pro...

    Authors: Maren Bakkebø, Kanutte Huse, Vera I Hilden, Erlend B Smeland and Morten P Oksvold
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:57
  29. During the pre-patent stage of infection, juvenile Schistosoma blood flukes co-opt signals from the adaptive immune system to facilitate parasite development, but the types of responses that are induced at this e...

    Authors: Lucia A de Oliveira Fraga, Erika W Lamb, Elizabeth C Moreno, Mitali Chatterjee, Jan Dvořák, Melaine Delcroix, Mohammed Sajid, Conor R Caffrey and Stephen J Davies
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:56
  30. The use of mouse models to study human disease provides useful data that can provide support for research projects or an existing drug discovery program. How well a model recapitulates the human condition and ...

    Authors: Lily D Lu, Kristine L Stump and Matthew M Seavey
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:55
  31. Regression of established tumors can be induced by adoptive immunotherapy with tumor draining lymph node lymphocytes activated with bryostatin and ionomycin. We hypothesized that tumor regression is mediated b...

    Authors: Catriona HT Miller, Laura Graham and Harry D Bear
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:54
  32. Protease-Activated Receptors (PARs), members of G-protein-coupled receptors, are activated by proteolytic activity of various proteases. Activation of PAR1 and PAR2 triggers innate immune responses in human or...

    Authors: Maryam G Rohani, Dennis H DiJulio, Jonathan Y An, Beth M Hacker, Beverly A Dale and Whasun O Chung
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:53
  33. Interleukin-33 is a member of the IL-1 cytokine family whose functions are mediated and modulated by the ST2 receptor. IL-33-ST2 expression and interactions have been explored in mouse macrophages but little i...

    Authors: Amrita D Joshi, Sameer R Oak, Adam J Hartigan, William G Finn, Steven L Kunkel, Karen E Duffy, Anuk Das and Cory M Hogaboam
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:52
  34. Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections are the predominant cause of economic losses in sheep. Infections are controlled almost exclusively by the use of anthelmintics which has lead to the selection of dru...

    Authors: Jacqueline S Knight, David B Baird, Wayne R Hein and Anton Pernthaner
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:51
  35. Patients infected with Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus) show severe inflammatory responses characterised by the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), an upstrea...

    Authors: Chia-Chang Chuang, Yin-Ching Chuang, Wen-Teng Chang, Chi-Chung Chen, Lien-I Hor, A-Ming Huang, Pui-Ching Choi, Chi-Yun Wang, Po-Chin Tseng and Chiou-Feng Lin
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:50
  36. The mechanisms of immune response are structured within a highly complex regulatory system. Genetic associations with variation in the immune response to rubella vaccine have typically been assessed one locus ...

    Authors: V Shane Pankratz, Robert A Vierkant, Megan M O'Byrne, Inna G Ovsyannikova and Gregory A Poland
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:48
  37. Previous studies of T cell activation in dengue infection have focused on restriction of specific T cell receptors (TCRs) and classical MHC molecules. However, bystander T cell activation, which is TCR indepen...

    Authors: Duangchan Suwannasaen, Arunrat Romphruk, Chanvit Leelayuwat and Ganjana Lertmemongkolchai
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:47
  38. Chlamydia trachomatis was previously shown to express a lipoprotein, the macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip), exposed at the bacterial surface, and able to stimulate human primary monocytes/macrophages throu...

    Authors: Sylvette Bas, Richard W James and Cem Gabay
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:46
  39. An ideal tumor vaccine should activate both effector and memory immune response against tumor-specific antigens. Beside the CD8+ T cells that play a central role in the generation of a protective immune respon...

    Authors: Petra Cerkovnik, Barbara Jezersek Novakovic, Vida Stegel and Srdjan Novakovic
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:45
  40. Most in vivo studies that have addressed the role of actin dynamics in NADPH oxidase function in phagocytes have used toxins to modulate the polymerization state of actin and mostly effects on actin has been eval...

    Authors: Izabela Rasmussen, Line H Pedersen, Luise Byg, Kazuhiro Suzuki, Hideki Sumimoto and Frederik Vilhardt
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:44
  41. Complement C2 deficiency is the most common genetically determined complete complement deficiency and is associated with a number of diseases. Most prominent are the associations with recurrent serious infecti...

    Authors: Paolo GV Martini, Lynette C Cook, Scott Alderucci, Angela W Norton, Dianna M Lundberg, Susan M Fish, Knut Langsetmo, Göran Jönsson, Christian Lood, Birgitta Gullstrand, Kate J Zaleski, Nancy Savioli, Jason Lottherand, Charles Bedard, John Gill, Michael F Concino…
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:43
  42. The lymph node (LN) is a crossroads of blood and lymphatic vessels allowing circulating lymphocytes to efficiently recognize foreign molecules displayed on antigen presenting cells. Increasing evidence indicat...

    Authors: Gregg P Sobocinski, Katherine Toy, Walter F Bobrowski, Stephen Shaw, Arthur O Anderson and Eric P Kaldjian
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:42
  43. Dendritic cells (DC) play a central role in primary immune responses and become potent stimulators of the adaptive immune response after undergoing the critical process of maturation. Understanding the dynamic...

    Authors: Amy L Olex, Elizabeth M Hiltbold, Xiaoyan Leng and Jacquelyn S Fetrow
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:41
  44. Recent evidence shows that allograft survival rates show a positive correlation with the number of circulating T regulatory cells (Tregs). This study investigated both the number and the cytokine profiles exhi...

    Authors: Yuchuan Huang, Juan Shan, Chuntao Zhang, Jie Zhang, Li Feng, Shengfu Li and Youping Li
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:40
  45. Inappropriate responses to normal intestinal bacteria may be involved in the development of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD, e.g. Crohn's Disease (CD), Ulcerative Colitis (UC)) and variations in the host geno...

    Authors: Matthew PG Barnett, Warren C McNabb, Adrian L Cookson, Shuotun Zhu, Marcus Davy, Bianca Knoch, Katia Nones, Alison J Hodgkinson and Nicole C Roy
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:39
  46. Several observations suggest that immunological events early after chemotherapy, possibly during the period of severe treatment-induced cytopenia, are important for antileukemic immune reactivity in acute myel...

    Authors: Elisabeth Ersvaer, Knut Liseth, Jørn Skavland, Bjørn Tore Gjertsen and Øystein Bruserud
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:38
  47. Epithelial cells and dendritic cells (DCs) both initiate and contribute to innate immune responses to bacteria. However, much less is known about the coordinated regulation of innate immune responses between G...

    Authors: Lei Yin, Takahiro Chino, Orapin V Horst, Beth M Hacker, Edward A Clark, Beverly A Dale and Whasun O Chung
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:37
  48. The vaccine efficacy reported following Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) administration to UK adolescents is 77% and defining the cellular immune response in this group can inform us as to the n...

    Authors: Steven G Smith, Maeve K Lalor, Patricia Gorak-Stolinska, Rose Blitz, Natalie ER Beveridge, Andrew Worth, Helen McShane and Hazel M Dockrell
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:35

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