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  1. Previous reports indicate that ethanol, in a binge drinking model in mice, inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vivo. However, the inhibition of signaling through TLR4 has not been investig...

    Authors: Stephen B Pruett and Ruping Fan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:49
  2. The human innate immune system uses a system of extracellular Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and intracellular Nod-like receptors (NLRs) to match the appropriate level of immune response to the level of threat fro...

    Authors: Andrei Y Istomin and Adam Godzik
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:48
  3. Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand (Flt3L) is a hemopoietic cytokine and dendritic cell (DC) growth factor that promotes the proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells into DCs. We have previously fo...

    Authors: Julia K Bohannon, Weihua Cui and Tracy Toliver-Kinsky
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:47
  4. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is enriched with transplantable CD34+ cells. In addition to CD34-expressing haematopoietic stem cells (HSC), human UCB contains a rare population of CD34-lineage- cells endowed with the...

    Authors: Giuseppina Bonanno, Andrea Mariotti, Annabella Procoli, Maria Corallo, Giovanni Scambia, Luca Pierelli and Sergio Rutella
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:46
  5. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling is crucial for innate immune responses to infection. The involvement of TLRs in otitis media (OM), the most prevalent childhood disease in developed countries, has been impl...

    Authors: Anke Leichtle, Michelle Hernandez, Kwang Pak, Nicholas J Webster, Stephen I Wasserman and Allen F Ryan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:45
  6. Rapid clonal expansion of T cells occurs in response to antigenic challenges. The kinetics of the T cell response has previously been described using tissue-based studies performed at defined time points. Luci...

    Authors: Joseph H Chewning, Kari J Dugger, Tandra R Chaudhuri, Kurt R Zinn and Casey T Weaver
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:44
  7. Targeting of protein antigens to dendritic cells (DC) via the DEC205 receptor enhances presentation of antigen-derived peptides on MHC-I and MHC-II molecules and, in the presence of costimulatory signals, anti...

    Authors: Claudius Grossmann, Matthias Tenbusch, Godwin Nchinda, Vladimir Temchura, Ghulam Nabi, Geoffrey W Stone, Richard S Kornbluth and Klaus Überla
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:43
  8. In specialized cells, such as mast cells, macrophages, T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells in the immune system and for instance melanocytes in the skin, secretory lysosomes (SL) have evolved as bifunctiona...

    Authors: Hendrik Schmidt, Christoph Gelhaus, Ralph Lucius, Melanie Nebendahl, Matthias Leippe and Ottmar Janssen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:41
  9. Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have been shown to induce immune stimulation through a number of different receptors in a range of cell types. In primary cells, both TLR7 and TLR8 have been shown to recognise ...

    Authors: Amber Goodchild, Nicole Nopper, Andrew King, Tram Doan, Marcel Tanudji, Greg M Arndt, Michael Poidinger, Laurent P Rivory and Toby Passioura
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:40
  10. Propolis, an ancient herbal medicine, has been reported the beneficial effect both in asthma patients and murine model of asthma, but the mechanism was not clearly understood. In this study, the effect of caff...

    Authors: Li-Chieh Wang, Yu-Li Lin, Yu-Chih Liang, Yao-Hsu Yang, Jyh-Hong Lee, Hsin-Hui Yu, Wen-Mein Wu and Bor-Luen Chiang
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:39
  11. The cleavage of recombination signals (RS) at the boundaries of immunoglobulin V, D, and J gene segments initiates the somatic generation of the antigen receptor genes expressed by B lymphocytes. RS contain a ...

    Authors: Anne E Lieberman, Masayuki Kuraoka, Marco Davila, Garnett Kelsoe and Lindsay G Cowell
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:37
  12. Candida albicans resides on epithelial surfaces as part of the physiological microflora. However, under certain conditions it may cause life-threatening infections like Candida sepsis. Human β-defensins (hBDs) ar...

    Authors: Nadine Steubesand, Karlheinz Kiehne, Gabriele Brunke, Rene Pahl, Karina Reiss, Karl-Heinz Herzig, Sabine Schubert, Stefan Schreiber, Ulrich R Fölsch, Philip Rosenstiel and Alexander Arlt
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:36
  13. The SARS outbreak in 2003 provides a unique opportunity for the study of human responses to a novel virus. We have previously reported that dendritic cells (DCs) might be involved in the immune escape mechanis...

    Authors: Helen KW Law, Chung Yan Cheung, Sin Fun Sia, Yuk On Chan, JS Malik Peiris and Yu Lung Lau
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:35
  14. As a cellular membrane triggering receptor, CD226 is involved in the NK cell- or CTL-mediated lysis of tumor cells of different origin, including freshly isolated tumor cells and tumor cell lines. Here, we eva...

    Authors: Zhuwei Xu, Tao Zhang, Ran Zhuang, Yun Zhang, Wei Jia, Chaojun Song, Kun Yang, Angang Yang and Boquan Jin
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:34
  15. Arginase is significantly upregulated in the lungs in murine models of asthma, as well as in human asthma, but its role in allergic airway inflammation has not been fully elucidated in mice.

    Authors: Kathryn A Niese, Ann R Collier, Amanda R Hajek, Stephen D Cederbaum, William E O'Brien, Marsha Wills-Karp, Marc E Rothenberg and Nives Zimmermann
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:33
  16. Immunity to food antigens (gliadin, cow's milk proteins) is in the centre of the attention of modern medicine focused on the prevention of diseases, prevention which is based on the use of appropriate restrict...

    Authors: Aleksandra Konic-Ristic, Dejan Dodig, Radmilo Krstic, Svetislav Jelic, Ivan Stankovic, Aleksandra Ninkovic, Jelena Radic, Irina Besu, Branka Bonaci-Nikolic, Njegica Jojic, Milica Djordjevic, Dragan Popovic and Zorica Juranic
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:32
  17. An accurate test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is urgently needed in immunosuppressed populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic power of enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT)-ba...

    Authors: Weimin Jiang, Lingyun Shao, Ying Zhang, Shu Zhang, Chengyan Meng, Yunya Xu, Lingli Huang, Yun Wang, Ying Wang, Xinhua Weng and Wenhong Zhang
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:31
  18. Human tonsils are a rich source of B lymphocytes exhibiting a variety of phenotypes and activation states. Existing methods of purification are time consuming or costly. The aim of the present study was to opt...

    Authors: Jonathan Zuccolo, Tammy L Unruh and Julie P Deans
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:30
  19. Diabetes is characterized by progressive failure of insulin producing beta cells. It is well known that both saturated fatty acids and various products of immune cells can contribute to the reduction of beta c...

    Authors: Tamara Cvjetićanin, Ivana Stojanović, Gordana Timotijević, Stanislava Stošić-Grujičić and Djordje Miljković
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:29
  20. The mammalian target of rapamycin protein (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved kinase that regulates protein synthesis, cell cycle progression and proliferation in response to various environmental cues. As a...

    Authors: Boris Shor, Druie Cavender and Crafford Harris
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:28
  21. TCR and CXCR4-mediated signaling appears to be reciprocally regulated pathways. TCR activation dampens the chemotactic response towards the CXCR4 ligand CXCL12, while T cells exposed to CXCL12 are less prone t...

    Authors: Jacob Ngai, Marit Inngjerdingen, Torunn Berge and Kjetil Taskén
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:27
  22. The obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Coxiella burnetii causes the zoonosis Q fever. The intracellular niche of C. burnetii has led to the assumption that cell-mediated immunity is the most important immu...

    Authors: Jeffrey G Shannon, Diane C Cockrell, Kazue Takahashi, Gregory L Stahl and Robert A Heinzen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:26
  23. Respiratory burst function resulting in the release of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide anion (O2-) from neutrophils is one of the key mechanisms of the innate immune system, and maladaptive control of ...

    Authors: John-Paul Tung, John F Fraser, Peter Wood and Yoke Lin Fung
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:25
  24. Extensive allelic matching in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes is regarded as a prerequisite for good clinical success of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Also other genetic f...

    Authors: Jyrki Sivula, Hannu Turpeinen, Liisa Volin and Jukka Partanen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:24
  25. CTLA-4 functions primarily as an inhibitor of T cell activation. There are several candidate explanations as to how CTLA-4 modulates T cell responses, but the exact mechanism remains undefined. The tail of CTL...

    Authors: Wendy A Teft, Thu A Chau and Joaquín Madrenas
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:23
  26. The assortment of cattle immunoglobulin and surrogate light chain genes has been extracted from the version 3.1 of Bos taurus genome sequence as a part of an international effort to sequence and annotate the bovi...

    Authors: Anna Ekman, Mikael Niku, Jenni Liljavirta and Antti Iivanainen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:22
  27. Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp) is a category B biothreat organism that causes a potentially fatal disease in humans and animals, namely melioidosis. Burkholderia thailandensis (Bt) is another naturally occurring ...

    Authors: Jaruek Charoensap, Pongsak Utaisincharoen, Anneke Engering and Stitaya Sirisinha
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:20
  28. Current literature suggests that dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV; CD26) plays an essential role in T-dependent immune responses, a role that could have important clinical consequences. To rigorously define the...

    Authors: Kalpit A Vora, Gene Porter, Roche Peng, Yan Cui, Kellyann Pryor, George Eiermann and Dennis M Zaller
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:19
  29. Monocytes and macrophages play essential role in innate immunity. Understanding the underlying mechanism of macrophage differentiation and the identification of regulatory mechanisms will help to find new stra...

    Authors: Young-Sook Baek, Stefan Haas, Holger Hackstein, Gregor Bein, Maria Hernandez-Santana, Hans Lehrach, Sascha Sauer and Harald Seitz
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:18
  30. In certain cases, anti-idiotypic antibodies that recognize an antigen-combining site of an antibody can mimic the structure and/or function of certain nominal antigens. This feature makes them particularly use...

    Authors: Anja Colja Venturini, Maja Bresjanac, Tanja Vranac, Simon Koren, Mojca Narat, Mara Popović and Vladka Čurin Šerbec
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:16
  31. Expressed in embryonic development, matrix metalloprotein-9 (MMP-9) is absent in most of developed adult tissues, but recurs in inflammation during tissue injury, wound healing, tumor formation and metastasis....

    Authors: Ling Zhou, Chunli Yan, Roben G Gieling, Yujiro Kida, Warren Garner, Wei Li and Yuan-Ping Han
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:15
  32. We have shown previously that acute infection with the respiratory pathogen, pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), results in local production of the proinflammatory chemokine, CCL3, and that neutrophil recruitment i...

    Authors: Cynthia A Bonville, Caroline M Percopo, Kimberly D Dyer, Jiliang Gao, Calman Prussin, Barbara Foster, Helene F Rosenberg and Joseph B Domachowske
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:14
  33. The Chemotaxis inhibitory protein of Staphylococcus aureus (CHIPS) blocks the Complement fragment C5a receptor (C5aR) and formylated peptide receptor (FPR) and is thereby a potent inhibitor of neutrophil chemotax...

    Authors: Erika Gustafsson, Pieter-Jan Haas, Björn Walse, Marcel Hijnen, Christina Furebring, Mats Ohlin, Jos AG van Strijp and Kok PM van Kessel
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:13
  34. Consumption of edible mushrooms has been suggested to improve health. A number of isolated mushroom constituents have been shown to modulate immunity. Five commonly consumed edible mushrooms were tested to det...

    Authors: Sanhong Yu, Veronika Weaver, Keith Martin and Margherita T Cantorna
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:12
  35. Immunosuppression by gliomas contributes to tumor progression and treatment resistance. It is not known when immunosuppression occurs during tumor development but it likely involves cross-talk among tumor cell...

    Authors: Benjamin C Kennedy, Lisa M Maier, Randy D'Amico, Christopher E Mandigo, Elizabeth J Fontana, Allen Waziri, Marcela C Assanah, Peter Canoll, Richard CE Anderson, David E Anderson and Jeffrey N Bruce
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:11
  36. Viral infection and neoplastic transformation trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Thus, a large proportion of the cells that must be recognized by the immune system are stressed cells. Cells respond to ...

    Authors: Diana P Granados, Pierre-Luc Tanguay, Marie-Pierre Hardy, Étienne Caron, Danielle de Verteuil, Sylvain Meloche and Claude Perreault
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:10
  37. Recognition of pathogens by dendritic cells (DCs) through interaction with pattern recognition receptors, including Toll like receptors (TLR), is crucial for the initiation of appropriate polarized T helper (T...

    Authors: Elly van Riet, Bart Everts, Kim Retra, Marion Phylipsen, Jaap J van Hellemond, Aloysius GM Tielens, Desiree van der Kleij, Franca C Hartgers and Maria Yazdanbakhsh
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:9
  38. Zebrafish may prove to be one of the best vertebrate models for innate immunology. These fish have sophisticated immune components, yet rely heavily on innate immune mechanisms. Thus, the development and chara...

    Authors: Lora Petrie-Hanson, Claudia Hohn and Larry Hanson
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:8
  39. Enprocal is a high-protein micro-nutrient rich formulated supplementary food designed to meet the nutritional needs of the frail elderly and be delivered to them in every day foods. We studied the potential of...

    Authors: Jagat R Kanwar and Rupinder K Kanwar
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:7
  40. OK-432, penicillin-killed Streptococcus pyogenes, is used in treating lymphangiomas and carcinomas. We have studied in vitro the role of mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs), including purified monocytes (MOs), in the i...

    Authors: Carla Olsnes, Helen Stavang, Karl Brokstad, Jan Olofsson and Hans J Aarstad
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:6
  41. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells play an essential role in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity. Therefore, defects in Treg development, maintenance or function have been associated with several...

    Authors: Marta Barreto, Ricardo C Ferreira, Lara Lourenço, Maria F Moraes-Fontes, Eugénia Santos, Miguel Alves, Cláudia Carvalho, Berta Martins, Rita Andreia, João F Viana, Carlos Vasconcelos, Luísa Mota-Vieira, Carlos Ferreira, Jocelyne Demengeot and Astrid M Vicente
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:5
  42. Normal mammary gland contains an extravascular population of B lymphoblasts, precursors of the immunoglobulin plasma cells that play a key role in the passive protection of neonates by secreting immunoglobulin...

    Authors: Berardo de Jesus Rodriguez, Claire Chevaleyre, Gwénaële Henry, Daniel Mollé, Isabelle Virlogeux-Payant, Mustapha Berri, François Boulay, Joëlle Léonil, François Meurens and Henri Salmon
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:4
  43. Human B lymphocytes can produce leukotriene B4 but the biological function of the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway in B cells is unclear. In order to better understand and define the role of 5-LO in B cells, we inve...

    Authors: Yilmaz Mahshid, Marcus-René Lisy, Xiao Wang, Rainer Spanbroek, Jenny Flygare, Birger Christensson, Magnus Björkholm, Birgitta Sander, Andreas JR Habenicht and Hans-Erik Claesson
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:2
  44. Tumor-associated accrual of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the blood, lymphoid organs and tumor tissues may lead to perturbation of the arginine metabolism and impairment of the endogenous antitumo...

    Authors: Giusy Capuano, Nicolò Rigamonti, Matteo Grioni, Massimo Freschi and Matteo Bellone
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:1
  45. Interferon induced tetratricopeptide repeat protein 2 (IFIT-2, P54) belongs to the type I interferon response genes and is highly induced after stimulation with LPS. The biological function of this protein is ...

    Authors: Susanne Berchtold, Birgit Manncke, Juliane Klenk, Julia Geisel, Ingo B Autenrieth and Erwin Bohn
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:75

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