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  1. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) belong to the TGF-β superfamily and are secreted proteins with pleiotropic roles in many different cell types. A potential role of BMP-6 in the immune system has been implied...

    Authors: Christian Kersten, Einar A Sivertsen, Marit E Hystad, Lise Forfang, Erlend B Smeland and June H Myklebust
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2005 6:9
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. The recruitment of lymphocytes to secondary lymphoid organs relies on interactions of circulating cells with high endothelial venules (HEV). HEV are exclusive to these organs under physiological conditions, bu...

    Authors: José L Pablos, Begoña Santiago, Durwin Tsay, Mark S Singer, Guillermo Palao, María Galindo and Steven D Rosen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2005 6:6
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Real-time PCR is becoming a common tool for detecting and quantifying expression profiling of selected genes. Cytokines mRNA quantification is widely used in immunological research to dissect the early steps o...

    Authors: Philippe Boeuf, Inès Vigan-Womas, Delphine Jublot, Séverine Loizon, Jean-Christophe Barale, Bartholomew Dicky Akanmori, Odile Mercereau-Puijalon and Charlotte Behr
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2005 6:5
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  7. The function of CD57+ CD4+ T cells, constituting a major subset of germinal center T (GC-Th) cells in human lymphoid tissues, has been unclear. There have been contradictory reports regarding the B cell helping f...

    Authors: Jong R Kim, Hyung W Lim, Seung G Kang, Peter Hillsamer and Chang H Kim
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2005 6:3
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) emerged in later February 2003, as a new epidemic form of life-threatening infection caused by a novel coronavirus. However, the immune-pathogenesis of SARS is poorly u...

    Authors: Renji Reghunathan, Manikandan Jayapal, Li-Yang Hsu, Hiok-Hee Chng, Dessmon Tai, Bernard P Leung and Alirio J Melendez
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2005 6:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Synthetic peptides have played a useful role in studies of protein kinase substrates and interaction domains. Synthetic peptide arrays and libraries, in particular, have accelerated the process. Several factor...

    Authors: Carl Saxinger, Thomas P Conrads, David J Goldstein and Timothy D Veenstra
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2005 6:1
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  11. Human infections with Sin Nombre virus (SNV) and related New World hantaviruses often lead to hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), a sometimes fatal illness. Lungs of patients who die from HCPS exhibit ...

    Authors: Bennett J Davenport, Derall G Willis, Joseph Prescott, Regina M Farrell, Teresa A Coons and Tony Schountz
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:23
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  12. Catecholamines, such as epinephrine, are elaborated in stress responses, and mediate vasoconstriction to cause elevation in systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure. Our previous study has shown that IL...

    Authors: David S Chi, S Matthew Fitzgerald, Shannon Pitts, Karen Cantor, Ellis King, Steven A Lee, Shau-Ku Huang and Guha Krishnaswamy
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:22
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. The CD38 transmembrane glycoprotein is an ADP-ribosyl cyclase that moonlights as a receptor in cells of the immune system. Both functions are independently implicated in numerous areas related to human health....

    Authors: Enza Ferrero, Monia Orciani, Paola Vacca, Erika Ortolan, Sergio Crovella, Fausto Titti, Franca Saccucci and Fabio Malavasi
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:21
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. There are three major B-cell compartments in peripheral lymphoid organs: the germinal center (GC), the mantle zone (MNZ) and the marginal zone (MGZ). Unique sets of B-cells reside in these compartments, and th...

    Authors: Yulei Shen, Javeed Iqbal, Li Xiao, Ryan C Lynch, Andreas Rosenwald, Louis M Staudt, Simon Sherman, Karen Dybkaer, Guimei Zhou, James D Eudy, Jan Delabie, Timothy W McKeithan and Wing C Chan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:20
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Immunoglobulin rearrangement involves random and imprecise processes that act to both create and constrain diversity. Two such processes are the loss of nucleotides through the action of unknown exonuclease(s)...

    Authors: Katherine JL Jackson, Bruno Gaeta, William Sewell and Andrew M Collins
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:19
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Chemokines are involved in many biological activities ranging from leukocyte differentiation to neuronal morphogenesis. Despite numerous reports describing chemokine function, little is known about the molecul...

    Authors: JE Nagel, RJ Smith, L Shaw, D Bertak, VD Dixit, EM Schaffer and DD Taub
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:17
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Extracellular nucleotides (ATP, ADP, UTP and UDP) exert a wide range of biological effects in blood cells mediated by multiple ionotropic P2X receptors and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors. Although pharmacolog...

    Authors: Lingwei Wang, Sten Eirik W Jacobsen, Anders Bengtsson and David Erlinge
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:16
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Congenic strains of mice are assumed to differ only at a single gene or region of the genome. These mice have great importance in evaluating the function of genes. However, their utility depends on the mainten...

    Authors: Erin E McClelland, Kristy Damjanovich, Kyle Gardner, Zack J Groesbeck, Maggie S Ma, Megan Nibley, Kelly S Richardson, Maureen Wilkinson, Linda C Morrison, Paul Bernhardt and Wayne K Potts
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:14
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. We have devised a simple and efficient fluorescence-based method to track antigen uptake and processing in human B lymphoblastoid cells (B-LCL). Fluorescein labelled subtilisin was used to optimize antigen upt...

    Authors: Namrata S Patil, David L Wong, Katherine D Collier and Hugh C McDonald
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:12
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. The Eph receptors are the largest receptor tyrosine kinase family. Several family members are expressed in hematopoietic cells. Previously, the expression of a member of this family, EphA2, was identified on d...

    Authors: Else Munthe, Eivind Farmen Finne and Hans-Christian Aasheim
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:9
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Expression of murine CCL21 by dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) has been demonstrated to be one of the most important steps in Langerhans cell emigration from skin. Previously, our group and others have...

    Authors: Yanina Eberhard, Susana Ortiz, Alejandro Ruiz Lascano, Raquel Kuznitzky and Horacio Marcelo Serra
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:7
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Parasite-specific IgE levels correlate with human resistance to reinfection with Schistosoma spp. after chemotherapy. Although the role of eosinophils in schistosomiasis has been the focus of a great deal of impo...

    Authors: Mohamed Z Satti, Pierre Cahen, Per S Skov, Sarah Joseph, Frances M Jones, Colin Fitzsimmons, Karl F Hoffmann, Claus Reimert, H Curtis Kariuki, Francis Kazibwe, Joseph K Mwatha, Gachuhi Kimani, Birgitte J Vennervald, John H Ouma, Narcis B Kabatereine and David W Dunne
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:6
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Immune recognition of vascular endothelial cells (EC) has been implicated in allograft rejection, protection against pathogens, and lymphocyte recruitment. However, EC pervade nearly all tissues and predominat...

    Authors: Annette L Rothermel, Yinong Wang, Jeffrey Schechner, Barry Mook-Kanamori, William C Aird, Jordan S Pober, George Tellides and David R Johnson
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:5
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Authors: Pierre Lau, Claire Amadou, Hélène Brun, Virginie Rouillon, Fiona McLaren, Anne-France Le Rolle, Margaret Graham, Geoffrey W Butcher and Etienne Joly
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:4
    Content type: Erratum Published on:

    The original article was published in BMC Immunology 2003 4:7

  31. Cytokine mRNA quantification is widely used to investigate cytokine profiles, particularly in small samples. Real-time polymerase chain reaction is currently the most reliable method of quantifying low-level t...

    Authors: André Peinnequin, Catherine Mouret, Olivier Birot, Antonia Alonso, Jacques Mathieu, Didier Clarençon, Diane Agay, Yves Chancerelle and Eric Multon
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:3
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  32. Lipid rafts have been shown to play a role in T cell maturation, activation as well as in the formation of immunological synapses in CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. However, the differential expression of...

    Authors: Valeria de Mello Coelho, Dzung Nguyen, Banabihari Giri, Allyson Bunbury, Eric Schaffer and Dennis D Taub
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Sin Nombre virus (SNV) establishes a persistent infection in the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus. A strong antibody response occurs in response to SNV infection, but the role of the innate immune response is u...

    Authors: Tony Schountz, Renata Green, Bennett Davenport, Amie Buniger, Tiffany Richens, J Jeffrey Root, Forbes Davidson, Charles H Calisher and Barry J Beaty
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:1
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Cytokine flow cytometry (CFC) provides a multiparameter alternative to ELISPOT assays for rapid quantitation of antigen-specific T cells. To increase the throughput of CFC assays, we have optimized methods for...

    Authors: Maria A Suni, Holli S Dunn, Patricia L Orr, Rian de Laat, Elizabeth Sinclair, Smita A Ghanekar, Barry M Bredt, John F Dunne, Vernon C Maino and Holden T Maecker
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2003 4:9
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  35. Oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG ODN) are known to exert a strong adjuvant effect on Th1 immune responses. Although several genes have been reported, no comprehensive study of the ...

    Authors: Atsushi Kato, Toshiki Homma, Jonathan Batchelor, Noriko Hashimoto, Shosuke Imai, Hiroshi Wakiguchi, Hirohisa Saito and Kenji Matsumoto
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2003 4:8
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. So-called "immunoprivileged sites" are tissues or organs where slow allograft rejection correlates with low levels of expression of MHC class I molecules. Whilst classical class I molecules are recognised by c...

    Authors: Pierre Lau, Claire Amadou, Hélène Brun, Virginie Rouillon, Fiona McLaren, Anne-France Le Rolle, Margaret Graham, Geoffrey W Butcher and Etienne Joly
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2003 4:7
    Content type: Research article Published on:

    The Erratum to this article has been published in BMC Immunology 2004 5:4

  37. The aim of this work was to detect antigens, non-self to the dam, potentially present in chick embryo prior to organogenesis with a view to establishing the consequences of their neutralization on chick develo...

    Authors: Antonio Rodríguez-Burgos
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2003 4:6
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Susceptibility to infectious diseases is directed, in part, by the interaction between the invading pathogen and host macrophages. This study examines the influence of genetic background on host-pathogen inter...

    Authors: Christine A Wells, Timothy Ravasi, Geoffrey J Faulkner, Piero Carninci, Yasushi Okazaki, Yoshihide Hayashizaki, Matthew Sweet, Brandon J Wainwright and David A Hume
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2003 4:5
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has acquired through evolution a number of genes to try to evade immune recognition of the virus-infected cell. Many of these mechanisms act to inhibit the MHC class I antigen pres...

    Authors: Mar Valés-Gómez, Helena Browne and Hugh T Reyburn
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2003 4:4
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Neutrophils are critical in the defense against potentially harmful microorganisms, but their excessive and inappropriate activation can contribute significantly to tissue damage and a worsening pathology. Thr...

    Authors: Ronald D Mathison, A Dean Befus, Joseph S Davison and Richard C Woodman
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2003 4:3
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Insulin dependent (i.e., "type 1") diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is considered to be a T cell mediated disease in which TH1 and Tc autoreactive cells attack the pancreatic islets. Among the beta-cell antigens implicat...

    Authors: Rosetta Pedotti, Maija Sanna, Mindy Tsai, Jason DeVoss, Lawrence Steinman, Hugh McDevitt and Stephen J Galli
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2003 4:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Immature B lymphocytes and certain B cell lymphomas undergo apoptotic cell death following activation of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signal transduction pathway. Several biochemical changes occur in resp...

    Authors: Robert C Hsueh, Adrienne M Hammill, Jamie A Lee, Jonathan W Uhr and Richard H Scheuermann
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2002 3:16
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Macrophages, osteoclasts, dendritic cells, and microglia are highly specialized cells that belong to the mononuclear phagocyte system. Functional and phenotypic heterogeneity within the mononuclear phagocyte s...

    Authors: Christine Servet-Delprat, Sylvie Arnaud, Pierre Jurdic, Serge Nataf, Marie-France Grasset, Caroline Soulas, Chantal Domenget, Olivier Destaing, Aymeric Rivollier, Magali Perret, Christiane Dumontel, Daniel Hanau, Gary L Gilmore, Marie-Françoise Belin, Chantal Rabourdin-Combe and Guy Mouchiroud
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2002 3:15
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Various microbial, inflammatory and immune signals regulate the activation of dendritic cells (DC), determining their ability to interact with naïve T cells and to produce cytokines that direct T cell developm...

    Authors: Amy Wesa and Anne Galy
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2002 3:14
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Inflammation and immune responses are considered to be very important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Lipid accumulation in macrophages of the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atheroscler...

    Authors: Mikko PS Ares, Maria Stollenwerk, Anneli Olsson, Bengt Kallin, Stefan Jovinge and Jan Nilsson
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2002 3:13
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. The function of the thymic microenvironment is to promote thymocyte maturation, in part via regulation of thymocyte proliferation and cell death. Defects in fetal thymic epithelial cell (TEC) development and f...

    Authors: Dong-ming Su and Nancy R Manley
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2002 3:12
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. T-cells extravasation and CNS parenchyma infiltration during autoimmune neurodegenerative disease can be evoked by local antigen presenting cells. Studying the chemoattracting potential of spinal perivascular ...

    Authors: Nils Hofmann, Nina Lachnit, Michael Streppel, Brigitte Witter, Wolfram F Neiss, Orlando Guntinas-Lichius and Doychin N Angelov
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2002 3:11
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. The ZAS family is composed of proteins that regulate transcription via specific gene regulatory elements. The amino-DNA binding domain (ZAS-N) and the carboxyl-DNA binding domain (ZAS-C) of a representative fa...

    Authors: Carl E Allen, Chi-ho Mak and Lai-Chu Wu
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2002 3:10
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. While dealing with mixed in vitro lymphocyte cultures one is faced with the problem of relative contributions of different populations to the activity being studied. This is especially true in the controversy rel...

    Authors: R Nirmala and PR Narayanan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2002 3:9
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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