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  1. Vaccination strategies that elicit antigen-specific tolerance are needed as therapies for autoimmune disease. This study focused on whether cytokine-neuroantigen (NAg) fusion proteins could inhibit disease in ...

    Authors: Derek J Abbott, J Lori Blanchfield, David A Martinson, Sean C Russell, Najla Taslim, Alan D Curtis and Mark D Mannie
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:72
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is thought to be due to an abnormal interaction between the host immune system and commensal microflora. Within the intestinal immune system, B cells produce physiologically na...

    Authors: Caterina Defendenti, Piercarlo Sarzi-Puttini, Silvia Grosso, Annamaria Croce, Olivia Senesi, Simone Saibeni, Simona Bollani, Piero Luigi Almasio, Savino Bruno and Fabiola Atzeni
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:71
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. The prophenoloxidase-activating (PO activating) system plays an important role in the crustacean innate immunity, particularly in wound healing and pathogen defense. A key member of this system is prophenoloxi...

    Authors: In-Kwon Jang, Zhenguo Pang, Jiaping Yu, Su-Kyoung Kim, Hyung-Cheol Seo and Yeong-Rok Cho
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:70
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. In comparison to higher vertebrates, fish are thought to rely heavily on innate immune system for initial protection against pathogen invasion because their acquired immune system displays a considerably poor ...

    Authors: Genciana Terova, Anna G Cattaneo, Elena Preziosa, Giovanni Bernardini and Marco Saroglia
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:69
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) refers to a spectrum of diseases with elevated pulmonary artery pressure. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease category that clinically presents with severe PH and tha...

    Authors: Moloud Rabieyousefi, Pejman Soroosh, Kimio Satoh, Fumiko Date, Naoto Ishii, Masahiro Yamashita, Masahiko Oka, Ivan F McMurtry, Hiroaki Shimokawa, Masato Nose, Kazuo Sugamura and Masao Ono
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:67
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. We earlier reported spontaneous features of asthma in Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide knockout mice (VIP KO): 1) peribronchiolar airway inflammation, with accumulation of lymphocytes and eosinophils, 2) pro-infl...

    Authors: Anthony M Szema, Sayyed A Hamidi, Antonius Koller and Dwight W Martin
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:66
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Hantaviruses of the family Bunyaviridae are emerging zoonotic pathogens which cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the Old World and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the New World. An immun...

    Authors: Mahmoud Sadeghi, Isabella Eckerle, Volker Daniel, Ulrich Burkhardt, Gerhard Opelz and Paul Schnitzler
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:65
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) represent a one of the most widely used anti-inflammatory substances. Their anti-inflammatory effects are mainly based on inhibition of cyclooxygenase. The potentia...

    Authors: Saulius Paskauskas, Audrius Parseliunas, Vachtang Kerkadze, Rainer Nobiling, Jan Schmidt and Eduard Ryschich
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:64
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Alternatively activated macrophages (AAMϕ) play important roles in allergies and responses to parasitic infections. However, whether signaling through toll-like receptors (TLRs) plays any role in AAMϕ inductio...

    Authors: HongLin Luo, Weiyi Huang, Dongying Wang, Haoju Wang and Kui Nie
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:63
    Content type: Research article Published on:

    The Retraction Note to this article has been published in BMC Immunology 2012 13:3

  11. Human memory CD4+ T cells can be either CD300a/c+ or CD300a/c- and subsequent analyses showed that CD4+ effector memory T (TEM) cells are mostly CD300a/c+, whereas CD4+ central memory T (TCM) cells have similar f...

    Authors: Venkateswara R Simhadri, John L Mariano, Qing Zhou, Karen E DeBell and Francisco Borrego
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:62
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. CD4+ T helper type 2 (TH2) cells, their cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 and the transcription factor STAT6 are known to regulate various features of asthma including lung inflammation, mucus production and airway ...

    Authors: Preeta Dasgupta, Svetlana P Chapoval, Elizabeth P Smith and Achsah D Keegan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:60
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. The balancing functions of pro/anti-inflammatory mediators of the complex innate responses have been investigated in a variety of experimental inflammatory settings. Annexin-A1 (AnxA1) is one mediator of endog...

    Authors: Amílcar S Damazo, André LF Sampaio, Cintia MAG Nakata, Roderick J Flower, Mauro Perretti and Sonia M Oliani
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:59
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. The zebrafish embryo is an important in vivo model to study the host innate immune response towards microbial infection. In most zebrafish infectious disease models, infection is achieved by micro-injection of ba...

    Authors: Joost J van Soest, Oliver W Stockhammer, Anita Ordas, Guido V Bloemberg, Herman P Spaink and Annemarie H Meijer
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:58
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the highly specialized antigen presenting cells of the immune system that play a key role in regulating immune responses. DCs can efficiently initiate immune responses or induce toler...

    Authors: Anna Sanecka, Marleen Ansems, Amy C Prosser, Katharina Danielski, Kathrin Warner, Martijn H den Brok, Bastiaan JH Jansen, Dagmar Eleveld-Trancikova and Gosse J Adema
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:57
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts, RAGE, is involved in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory conditions, which is mostly related to its strong activation of NF-κB but also due to its function as...

    Authors: David Frommhold, Anna Kamphues, Susanne Dannenberg, Kirsten Buschmann, Victoria Zablotskaya, Raphaela Tschada, Baerbel Lange-Sperandio, Peter P Nawroth, Johannes Poeschl, Angelika Bierhaus and Markus Sperandio
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:56
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Prolonged alcohol consumption is a significant co-factor in the progression of chronic viral infections including hepatitis C and HIV, which are both single-stranded RNA viruses. Toll like receptor 8 (TLR8), a...

    Authors: Maoyin Pang, Shashi Bala, Karen Kodys, Donna Catalano and Gyongyi Szabo
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:55
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. It is well established that PD-1 is expressed by follicular T cells but its function in regulation of human T helper cells has been unclear. We investigated the expression modality and function of PD-1 express...

    Authors: Chuanwu Wang, Peter Hillsamer and Chang H Kim
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:53
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterium and the etiologic agent of Q fever; both coxiella outer membrane protein 1 (Com1) and heat shock protein B (HspB) are its major immunodominant antigens. It...

    Authors: Ying Wang, Xiaolu Xiong, Deping Wu, Xile Wang and Bohai Wen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:52
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. The new JAK3 inhibitor, CP690,550, has shown efficacy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The present study was undertaken to assess the effects of CP690,550 on cytokine production and cellular signaling...

    Authors: Kiyoshi Migita, Taiichiro Miyashita, Yasumori Izumi, Tomohiro Koga, Atsumasa Komori, Yumi Maeda, Yuka Jiuchi, Yoshihiro Aiba, Satoshi Yamasaki, Atsushi Kawakami, Minoru Nakamura and Hiromi Ishibashi
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:51
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. The selection of relevant genes for sample classification is a common task in many gene expression studies. Although a number of tools have been developed to identify optimal gene expression signatures, they o...

    Authors: Giacomo Tuana, Viola Volpato, Paola Ricciardi-Castagnoli, Francesca Zolezzi, Fabio Stella and Maria Foti
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:50
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Vaccine literature indexing is poorly performed in PubMed due to limited hierarchy of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) annotation in the vaccine field. Vaccine Ontology (VO) is a community-based biomedical onto...

    Authors: Junguk Hur, Zuoshuang Xiang, Eva L Feldman and Yongqun He
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:49
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. To understand the evolutionary origins of our own immune system, we need to characterise the immune system of our distant relatives, the marsupials and monotremes. The recent sequencing of the genomes of two m...

    Authors: Emily SW Wong, Anthony T Papenfuss and Katherine Belov
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:48
    Content type: Database Published on:

  26. IL-17+ T helper cells and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells are CD4+ T helper cells with reciprocally regulated differentiation and function. Their frequency and function vary in patients with chronic hepatitis B. In thi...

    Authors: Yinghua Niu, Hongli Liu, Donglin Yin, Ruitian Yi, Tianyan Chen, Hong'an Xue, Shulin Zhang, Shumei Lin and Yingren Zhao
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:47
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. At present, available pneumococcal vaccines have failed to eradicate infections caused by S. pneumoniae. Search for effective vaccine continues and some serotype independent pneumococcal proteins are considered a...

    Authors: Elisa O Vintiñi and Marcela S Medina
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:46
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is one of the important traits that characterize bronchial asthma. Goishi tea is a post-heating fermented tea that has been reported to have higher free radical scavenging acti...

    Authors: Ryoji Hirota, Nlandu R Ngatu, Mitsuhiko Miyamura, Hiroyuki Nakamura and Narufumi Suganuma
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:45
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Leishmania parasites have been reported to interfere and even subvert their host immune responses to enhance their chances of survival and proliferation. Experimental Leishmania infection in mice has been widely ...

    Authors: Bernardo AS Pereira, Franklin S Silva, Karina M Rebello, Marcel Marín-Villa, Yara M Traub-Cseko, Thereza CB Andrade, Álvaro L Bertho, Ernesto R Caffarena and Carlos R Alves
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:44
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immune cells within the tumor stroma and play a crucial role in tumor development. Although clinical investigations indicate that high levels of macrop...

    Authors: Benfan Wang, Qinyan Li, Li Qin, Siting Zhao, Jinyan Wang and Xiaoping Chen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:43
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. The role of integrin signaling in mucosal inflammation is presently unknown. Hence, we aimed to investigate the role of epithelial-derived integrin-linked kinase (ILK), a critical integrin signaling intermedia...

    Authors: Kiran Assi, Scott Patterson, Shoukat Dedhar, David Owen, Megan Levings and Baljinder Salh
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:42
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Tetramers are useful tools to enumerate the frequencies of antigen-specific T cells. However, unlike CD8 T cells, CD4 T cells - especially self-reactive cells - are challenging to detect with major histocompat...

    Authors: Chandirasegaran Massilamany, Bijaya Upadhyaya, Arunakumar Gangaplara, Charles Kuszynski and Jay Reddy
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:40
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. MHC class I proteins are partly responsible for shaping the magnitude and focus of the adaptive cellular immune response. In humans, conventional wisdom suggests that the HLA-A, -B, and -C alleles are equally ...

    Authors: Justin M Greene, Roger W Wiseman, Simon M Lank, Benjamin N Bimber, Julie A Karl, Benjamin J Burwitz, Jennifer J Lhost, Oriana E Hawkins, Kevin J Kunstman, Karl W Broman, Steven M Wolinsky, William H Hildebrand and David H O'Connor
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:39
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Inflammation is characterized by dynamic changes in the expression of cytokines, such as M-CSF, and modifications of lipids and proteins that result in the formation of ligands for Class A Scavenger Receptors ...

    Authors: Dejan Nikolic, Lindsay Calderon, Liqin Du and Steven R Post
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:37
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. We have developed a 12-parameter/10-color flow cytometric staining method for the simultaneous detection and characterization of 21 mouse thymocyte subpopulations that represent discreet stages of T cell devel...

    Authors: Chibing Tan, Ashlee A Taylor, Matthew Z Coburn, Julie H Marino, C Justin Van De Wiele and T Kent Teague
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:36
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  38. Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells capable of inducing specific immune responses against microbial infections, transplant antigens, or tumors. Interestingly, microenvironment conditions such as...

    Authors: Leslee Sprague, Maria Muccioli, Michelle Pate, Evan Meles, John McGinty, Harika Nandigam, Amritha K Venkatesh, Ming-yu Gu, Kristen Mansfield, Andrew Rutowski, Omowaleola Omosebi, Maria C Courreges and Fabian Benencia
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:35
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Two conditions are used as markers of atopy: the presence of circulating anti-allergen IgE antibodies and the presence of positive skin prick test (SPT) reactions to allergenic extracts. The correlation betwee...

    Authors: João CM Ponte, Samuel B Junqueira, Rafael V Veiga, Mauricio L Barreto, Lain C Pontes-de-Carvalho and Neuza M Alcântara-Neves
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:34
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Multiple types of assays allow sensitive detection of virus-specific neutralizing antibodies. For example, the extent of antibody neutralization of HIV-1, SIV and SHIV can be measured in the TZM-bl cell line t...

    Authors: Britt Piehler, Elizabeth K Nelson, Josh Eckels, Sarah Ramsay, Karl Lum, Blake Wood, Kelli M Greene, Hongmei Gao, Michael S Seaman, David C Montefiori and Mark Igra
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:33
    Content type: Software Published on:

  41. The Shc isoforms is known to mediate immune responses and has been indicated as a negative regulator of autoimmunity and lymphocyte activation. We aimed to evaluate the immune-regulatory role of Shc in rat bon...

    Authors: Kuang-Den Chen, Li-Wen Hsu, Shigeru Goto, Chin-Wei Yeh, Toshiaki Nakano, Chia-Yun Lai, Yen-Chen Chang, Chiung-Hui Hou, Chih-Chi Wang, Yu-Fan Cheng, King-Wah Chiu, Chih-Che Lin and Chao-Long Chen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:32
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Ganoderma lucidum-derived polysaccharide (PS-G) can rapidly and effectively promote the activation and maturation of immature dendritic cells (DCs), suggesting that PS-G possesses the capacity to regulate immune ...

    Authors: Rong-Hwa Jan, Teng-Yi Lin, Ya-Chun Hsu, Shiuh-Sheng Lee, Shih-Yen Lo, Mingi Chang, Li-Kuang Chen and Yu-Li Lin
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:31
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Semaphorins were originally identified as molecules regulating a functional activity of axons in the nervous system. Sema4A and Sema4D were the first semaphorins found to be expressed on immune cells and were ter...

    Authors: Elizabeth P Smith, Kathleen Shanks, Michael M Lipsky, Louis J DeTolla, Achsah D Keegan and Svetlana P Chapoval
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:30
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. The screening of peptide-based epitopes has been studied extensively for the purpose of developing therapeutic antibodies and prophylactic vaccines that can be potentially useful for treating cancer and infect...

    Authors: Dongbum Kim, Sanghoon Kwon, Jae Won Rhee, Kwang Dong Kim, Young-Eun Kim, Cheung-Seog Park, Myeong Jun Choi, Jun-Gyo Suh, Doo-Sik Kim, Younghee Lee and Hyung-Joo Kwon
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:29
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  45. Integrin activation in response to inside-out signaling serves as the basis for rapid leukocyte arrest on endothelium, migration, and mobilization of immune cells. Integrin-dependent adhesion is controlled by ...

    Authors: Alexandre Chigaev, Yelena Smagley and Larry A Sklar
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:28
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. We previously showed that co-immunization with a protein antigen and a DNA vaccine coding for the same antigen induces CD40low IL-10high tolerogenic DCs, which in turn stimulates the expansion of antigen-specific...

    Authors: Shuang Geng, Yang Yu, Youmin Kang, George Pavlakis, Huali Jin, Jinyao Li, Yanxin Hu, Weibin Hu, Shuang Wang and Bin Wang
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:27
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Natural killer T cells represent a linkage between innate and adaptive immunity. They are a heterogeneous population of specialized T lymphocytes composed of different subsets. DX5+NKT cells are characterized by ...

    Authors: Jens M Werner, Elisabeth Busl, Stefan A Farkas, Hans J Schlitt, Edward K Geissler and Matthias Hornung
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:26
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Foxp3 protein plays a critical role in mediating the inflammatory response and can inhibit the proinflammatory IL-23/IL-17 pathway. However, the molecular interplay of Foxp3 and the IL-23/IL-17 pathway in pati...

    Authors: Qinghong Wang, Yanhua Zheng, Zemin Huang, Yi Tian, Jijun Zhou, Qing Mao, Yuzhang Wu and Bing Ni
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:25
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are ubiquitously synthesised in virtually all species and it is hypothesised that they might have beneficial health effects. Recent studies have identified circulating Hsp as an impor...

    Authors: Rose Njemini, Ivan Bautmans, Oscar O Onyema, Katrien Van Puyvelde, Christian Demanet and Tony Mets
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:24
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis and self-tolerance. The immune suppressive effects of Tregs should however be limited in case effective immunity is required agai...

    Authors: Wendy WC van Maren, Stefan Nierkens, Liza W Toonen, Judith M Bolscher, Roger PM Sutmuller and Gosse J Adema
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2011 12:23
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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