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  1. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) serve a sentinel role allowing the host to efficiently sense and adapt to the presence of danger signals. Herein we have directly compared the genome-level expression ...

    Authors: Hector R Wong, Kelli Odoms and Bhuvaneswari Sakthivel
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:24
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal B-cell disorder with many immunological disturbances. The aim of this work was to assess whether some of food antigens contribute to the imbalance of immune response by screen...

    Authors: Zorica Juranic, Jelena Radic, Aleksandra Konic-Ristic, Svetislav Jelic, Biljana Mihaljevic, Ivan Stankovic, Suzana Matkovic, Irina Besu and Dušica Gavrilović
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:22
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. The gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis is an important causative agent of pertussis, an infectious disease of the respiratory tract. After introduction of whole-cell vaccines (wP) in the 1950's, pertuss...

    Authors: Sander Banus, Rachel M Stenger, Eric R Gremmer, Jan AMA Dormans, Frits R Mooi, Tjeerd G Kimman and Rob J Vandebriel
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:21
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Basic helix-loop-helix E proteins are transcription factors that play crucial roles in T cell development by controlling thymocyte proliferation, differentiation and survival. E protein functions can be repres...

    Authors: Yuanzheng Yang, Hong-Cheng Wang and Xiao-Hong Sun
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:20
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Recent attempts to diminish nickel use in most industrial products have led to an increasing utilization of alternative metal compounds for destinations such as the alloys used in orthopaedics, jewellery and d...

    Authors: Valentina Bordignon, Francesca Palamara, Paola Cordiali-Fei, Antonella Vento, Arianna Aiello, Mauro Picardo, Fabrizio Ensoli and Antonio Cristaudo
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:19
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. In rural Gambia, birth season predicts infection-related adult mortality, providing evidence that seasonal factors in early life may programme immune development. This study tested whether lymphocyte subpopula...

    Authors: Andrew C Collinson, Pa Tamba Ngom, Sophie E Moore, Gareth Morgan and Andrew M Prentice
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:18
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Besides few data concerning the antiseptic properties against a range of microbial agents and the anti-inflammatory potential both in vitro and in vivo, little is known about the influence of Eucalyptus oil (E O)...

    Authors: Annalucia Serafino, Paola Sinibaldi Vallebona, Federica Andreola, Manuela Zonfrillo, Luana Mercuri, Memmo Federici, Guido Rasi, Enrico Garaci and Pasquale Pierimarchi
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:17
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. We have recently demonstrated that all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9-cis-retinoic acid (9-cis RA) promote IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 synthesis, while decreasing IFN-γ and TNF-α expression by activated human T cells ...

    Authors: Harry D Dawson, Gary Collins, Robert Pyle, Michael Key and Dennis D Taub
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:16
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is a highly attenuated strain of vaccinia virus (VV) that has lost approximately 15% of the VV genome, along with the ability to replicate in most mammalian cells. It has demonst...

    Authors: Luzheng Liu, Rahul Chavan and Mark B Feinberg
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:15
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Human neutrophils are key players of innate immunity, and influence inflammatory and immune reactions through the production of numerous cytokines and chemokines. Despite major advances in our understanding of...

    Authors: Thornin Ear and Patrick P McDonald
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:14
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  12. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has shown promising results as a cytokine adjuvant for antiviral vaccines and in various models of tumor gene therapy. To explore whether the targeting...

    Authors: Matthias Tenbusch, Seraphin Kuate, Bettina Tippler, Nicole Gerlach, Simone Schimmer, Ulf Dittmer and Klaus Überla
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:13
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Sand fly saliva contains potent and complex pharmacologic molecules that are able to modulate the host's hemostatic, inflammatory, and immune systems. In this study, we evaluated the effects of salivary gland ...

    Authors: Maria José Menezes, Dirceu J Costa, Jorge Clarêncio, José Carlos Miranda, Aldina Barral, Manoel Barral-Netto, Cláudia Brodskyn and Camila I de Oliveira
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:12
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Intestinal mucus production by hyperplasic goblet cells is a striking pathological feature of many parasitic helminth infections and is related to intestinal protection and worm expulsion. Induction of goblet ...

    Authors: Reece G Marillier, Chesney Michels, Elizabeth M Smith, Lizette CE Fick, Mosiuoa Leeto, Benjamin Dewals, William GC Horsnell and Frank Brombacher
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:11
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Dendritic cells (DC) play the key role in directing antigen-specific immune responses and manipulating their function may be a useful tool for immunotherapy. The balance between immune stimulation and toleranc...

    Authors: Marta E Polak, Nicola J Borthwick, Francis G Gabriel, Martine J Jager and Ian A Cree
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:10
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Single-cell assays of immune function are increasingly used to monitor T cell responses in immunotherapy clinical trials. Standardization and validation of such assays are therefore important to interpretation...

    Authors: Holden T Maecker, Jeffrey Hassler, Janice K Payne, Amanda Summers, Karrie Comatas, Manar Ghanayem, Michael A Morse, Timothy M Clay, Herbert K Lyerly, Sonny Bhatia, Smita A Ghanekar, Vernon C Maino, Corazon delaRosa and Mary L Disis
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:9
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  17. Protein antigens and their specific epitopes are formulation targets for epitope-based vaccines. A number of prediction servers are available for identification of peptides that bind major histocompatibility c...

    Authors: Hong Huang Lin, Surajit Ray, Songsak Tongchusak, Ellis L Reinherz and Vladimir Brusic
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:8
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. As part of a National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases funded collaborative project, we have performed over 150 microarray experiments measuring the response of C57/BL6 mouse bone marrow macrophage...

    Authors: Martin Korb, Alistair G Rust, Vesteinn Thorsson, Christophe Battail, Bin Li, Daehee Hwang, Kathleen A Kennedy, Jared C Roach, Carrie M Rosenberger, Mark Gilchrist, Daniel Zak, Carrie Johnson, Bruz Marzolf, Alan Aderem, Ilya Shmulevich and Hamid Bolouri
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:7
    Content type: Database Published on:

  19. In celiac disease gluten, the disease-inducing toxic component in wheat, induces the secretion of autoantibodies which are targeted against transglutaminase 2 (TG2). These autoantibodies are produced in the sm...

    Authors: Satumarja M Stenman, Katri Lindfors, Ilma R Korponay-Szabo, Olli Lohi, Päivi Saavalainen, Jukka Partanen, Katri Haimila, Herbert Wieser, Markku Mäki and Katri Kaukinen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:6
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Xenotransplantation holds the promise of providing an unlimited supply of donor organs for terminal patients with organ failure. Pre-existing natural antibodies to the Galα1,3Galβ1,4GlcNac-R (αGal) carbohydrat...

    Authors: Tomoko Doki, Michael Mello, Dennis Mock, Jacqueline M Evans and Mary Kearns-Jonker
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:5
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Despite being a mainstay for treating superficial bladder carcinoma and a promising agent for interstitial cystitis, the precise mechanism of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) remains poorly understood. It is par...

    Authors: Marcia R Saban, Michael A O'Donnell, Robert E Hurst, Xue-Ru Wu, Cindy Simpson, Igor Dozmorov, Carole Davis and Ricardo Saban
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:4
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) comprises a heterogeneous group of primary antibody deficiencies with complex clinical and immunological phenotypes. The recent discovery that some CVID patients show mo...

    Authors: Ulrich Salzer, Carla Neumann, Jens Thiel, Cristina Woellner, Qiang Pan-Hammarström, Vassilis Lougaris, Tina Hagena, Johannes Jung, Jennifer Birmelin, Likun Du, Ayse Metin, David A Webster, Alessandro Plebani, Viviana Moschese, Lennart Hammarström, Alejandro A Schäffer…
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:3
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules bind, and present to T cells, short peptides derived from intracellular processing of proteins. The peptide repertoire of a specific molecule is to a la...

    Authors: John Sidney, Bjoern Peters, Nicole Frahm, Christian Brander and Alessandro Sette
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:1
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. During inflammation, β2-integrins mediate leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium accompanied by the activation of the spleen tyrosine kinase Syk.

    Authors: David Frommhold, Ingrid Mannigel, Jürgen Schymeinsky, Attila Mocsai, Johannes Poeschl, Barbara Walzog and Markus Sperandio
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2007 8:31
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. The activation and effector phenotype of T cells depend on the strength of the interaction of the TcR with its cognate antigen and additional signals provided by cytokines and by co-receptors. Lymphocytes sens...

    Authors: Oscar Ramírez-Pliego, Diana L Escobar-Zárate, Gemma M Rivera-Martínez, Mayte G Cervantes-Badillo, Fernando R Esquivel-Guadarrama, Gabriela Rosas-Salgado, Yvonne Rosenstein and M Angélica Santana
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2007 8:30
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. CD146 is a well described homotypic adhesion molecule found on endothelial cells and a limited number of other cell types. In cells from the peripheral circulation, CD146 has also been reported to be on activa...

    Authors: Mohamed F Elshal, Sameena S Khan, Nalini Raghavachari, Yoshiyuki Takahashi, Jennifer Barb, James J Bailey, Peter J Munson, Michael A Solomon, Robert L Danner and J Philip McCoy Jr
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2007 8:29
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a rare inherited disorder characterized by defective function of Fas, autoimmune manifestations that predominantly involve blood cells, polyclonal accumulation...

    Authors: Elisa Cerutti, Maria F Campagnoli, Massimo Ferretti, Emanuela Garelli, Nicoletta Crescenzio, Angelo Rosolen, Annalisa Chiocchetti, Michael J Lenardo, Ugo Ramenghi and Umberto Dianzani
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2007 8:28
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. The number of subjects that can be recruited in immunological studies and the number of immunological parameters that can be measured has increased rapidly over the past decade and is likely to continue to exp...

    Authors: Bernd Genser, Philip J Cooper, Maria Yazdanbakhsh, Mauricio L Barreto and Laura C Rodrigues
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2007 8:27
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  30. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (pDC) comprise approximately 0.2 to 0.8% of the blood mononuclear cells and are the primary type 1 interferon (IFN), producing cells, secreting high levels of IFN in response to vi...

    Authors: Woubalem Birmachu, Raymond M Gleason, Barbara J Bulbulian, Christie L Riter, John P Vasilakos, Kenneth E Lipson and Yuri Nikolsky
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2007 8:26
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. The regulatory processes that govern cell proliferation and differentiation are central to developmental biology. Particularly well studied in this respect is the lymphoid system due to its importance for basi...

    Authors: Ivan G Costa, Stefan Roepcke and Alexander Schliep
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2007 8:25
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  32. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes death of 2–3 million people every year. The persistence of the pathogenic mycobacteria inside the macrophage occurs through modulation of host cell signaling which allows t...

    Authors: Niladri Ganguly, Pham H Giang, Sandip K Basu, Fayaz Ahmad Mir, Imran Siddiqui and Pawan Sharma
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2007 8:24
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. There is strong evidence implicating eosinophils in host defence against parasites as well as allergic disease pathologies. However, a lack of reagents such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for eosinop...

    Authors: Georgina M Sansome, Anna R Young, Els NT Meeusen and Robert J Bischof
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2007 8:23
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Cathepsin D is a well-characterized aspartic protease expressed ubiquitously in lysosomes. Cathepsin D deficiency is associated with a spectrum of pathologies leading ultimately to death. Cathepsin D is expres...

    Authors: Calogero Tulone, Yasuo Uchiyama, Marco Novelli, Nicholas Grosvenor, Paul Saftig and Benjamin M Chain
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2007 8:22
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Standardization of cell-based immunologic monitoring is becoming increasingly important as methods for measuring cellular immunity become more complex. We assessed the ability of two commonly used cell-based a...

    Authors: Vivian Goodell, Corazon dela Rosa, Meredith Slota, Beth MacLeod and Mary L Disis
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2007 8:21
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  36. The challenge of gene expression studies is to reliably quantify levels of transcripts, but this is hindered by a number of factors including sample availability, handling and storage. The PAXgene™ Blood RNA S...

    Authors: Enitan D Carrol, Fiona Salway, Stuart D Pepper, Emma Saunders, Limangeni A Mankhambo, William E Ollier, C Anthony Hart and Phillip Day
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2007 8:20
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Fermented milks containing probiotic bacteria are a way of delivering bioactive constituents to targets in the gastrointestinal tract. We reported previously that the fermentation of milk at constant pH 6 by L. h...

    Authors: Gabriel Vinderola, Chantal Matar and Gabriela Perdigón
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2007 8:19
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Stem cell transplantation as therapy for hematological disorders is often hampered by severe graft-versus-host-disease. This may be reduced by umbilical cord blood transplantation, an effect that has been attr...

    Authors: Andreas Nitsche, Meixia Zhang, Theresa Clauss, Wolfgang Siegert, Kay Brune and Andreas Pahl
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2007 8:18
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. All four PARs are present in the urinary bladder, and their expression is altered during inflammation. In order to search for therapeutic targets other than the receptors themselves, we set forth to determine ...

    Authors: Ricardo Saban, Cindy Simpson, Carole A Davis, Igor Dozmorov, Julie Maier, Ben Fowler, Michael A Ihnat, Robert E Hurst, Barry K Wershil and Marcia R Saban
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2007 8:17
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Cryptococcosis, a fatal fungal infection of the central nervous system, is one of the major killers of AIDS patients and other immunocompromised hosts. The causative agent, Cryptococcus neoformans, has a remarkab...

    Authors: Hansong Ma, Joanne E Croudace, David A Lammas and Robin C May
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2007 8:15
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in the host defence against intracellular pathogens such as Listeria, and Mycobacteria. The key mediator of bacteria-directed cyt...

    Authors: Michael Walch, Sonja Latinovic-Golic, Ana Velic, Hanna Sundstrom, Claudia Dumrese, Carsten A Wagner, Peter Groscurth and Urs Ziegler
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2007 8:14
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Siglec-7, a sialic acid binding inhibitory receptor expressed by NK cells is masked in vivo by a so far unknown ligand. It shows a strong binding prevalence for α-2,8-linked disialic acids in vitro.

    Authors: Jeannette M Moebius, Darius Widera, Juergen Schmitz, Christian Kaltschmidt and Christoph Piechaczek
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2007 8:13
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. CD8α enhances the responses of antigen-specific CTL activated through TCR through binding MHC class I, favoring lipid raft partitioning of TCR, and inducing intracellular signaling. CD8α is also found on dendr...

    Authors: Derrick J Gibbings, Marcelo Marcet-Palacios, Yokananth Sekar, Marcus CY Ng and A Dean Befus
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2007 8:12
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most commonly used mouse model for multiple sclerosis (MS). During the of progression of EAE, microglia,...

    Authors: Madhuri Bhasin, Muzhou Wu and Stella E Tsirka
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2007 8:10
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Granulysin, a cytotoxic protein expressed in human natural killer cells and activated T lymphocytes, exhibits cytolytic activity against a variety of intracellular microbes. Expression and transcription have b...

    Authors: Sonja Latinovic-Golic, Michael Walch, Hanna Sundstrom, Claudia Dumrese, Peter Groscurth and Urs Ziegler
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2007 8:9
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Dysregulation of the immune system has been shown to occur during spaceflight, although the detailed nature of the phenomenon and the clinical risks for exploration class missions have yet to be established. A...

    Authors: Brian Crucian, Pascal Lee, Raymond Stowe, Jeff Jones, Rainer Effenhauser, Raymond Widen and Clarence Sams
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2007 8:7
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is an effective treatment for bladder superficial carcinoma and it is being tested in interstitial cystitis patients, but its precise mechanism of action remains poo...

    Authors: Marcia R Saban, Cindy Simpson, Carole Davis, Gemma Wallis, Nicholas Knowlton, Mark Barton Frank, Michael Centola, Randle M Gallucci and Ricardo Saban
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2007 8:6
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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