Figure 1

Distribution of CD4⁺ T helper cells in tonsils. Frozen tonsil sections were stained with anti-IgD (PE, red) or anti-CD57 (FITC, green) and isotype control antibodies in panel group A to show the background staining of the system. In panel group B, sections were stained with anti-CD57 (FITC), anti-IgD (PE) and anti-CD4 (APC). In panel group C, sections were stained with anti-CD57 (FITC), anti-CD69 (PE) and anti-CD4 (APC). Two different sections were shown in each group of panels. Stained sections were analyzed with a confocal microscope. GC-Th cells can be divided into CD57⁺ and CD57^- T cells, both of which are CD69⁺. A few CD69⁺ or CD57⁺ T cells are found outside of GC. Most CD4⁺ T cells in the interfollicular areas (IFA or T cell-rich zone) are CD57^- and CD69^-. GCs are surrounded by the ring of mantle zones (MZ) filled with IgD⁺ cells. A representative set of images from three different specimens are shown.