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  1. Content type: Research article

    Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are extensively used for research of immune cell functions, identification of biomarkers and development of diagnostics and therapeutics for human diseases, amo...

    Authors: Adriana Navas, Lina Giraldo-Parra, Miguel Darío Prieto, Juliana Cabrera and María Adelaida Gómez

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:5

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  3. Content type: Research article

    T cell activation induces ER stress and upregulates Inositol Requiring Enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α), an activator of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. Inhibition of IRE1α RNase activity in activated CD4+ spl...

    Authors: Cody Poe, Cheyanne Youngblood, Karissa Hodge and Kyeorda Kemp

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:3

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  4. Content type: Research article

    The use of immunodeficient mice transplanted with human hematopoietic stem cells is an accepted approach to study human-specific infectious diseases such as HIV-1 and to investigate multiple aspects of human i...

    Authors: Raghubendra Singh Dagur, Amanda Branch-Woods, Saumi Mathews, Poonam S. Joshi, Rolen M. Quadros, Donald W. Harms, Yan Cheng, Shana M. Miles, Samuel J. Pirruccello, Channabasavaiah B. Gurumurthy, Santhi Gorantla and Larisa Y. Poluektova

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:2

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  5. Content type: Research article

    Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) plays an important role in the innate immune response by activating the complement system via the lectin pathway, and it has been studied in several viral infections; however, the ...

    Authors: Viviane Martha Santos de Morais, Juliana Prado Gonçales, Georgea Gertrudes de Oliveira Mendes Cahú, Tania Regina Tozetto-Mendoza and Maria Rosângela Cunha Duarte Coêlho

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:1

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  6. Content type: Research article

    Circulating follicular helper T (cTfh) cells are a specialized subset of CD4+ T cells that express the CXC-chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5). These cells exhibit immune activities by inducing B cell differentiation an...

    Authors: Meng Xu, Yanfang Jiang, Jian Zhang, Yan Zheng, Deying Liu, Lishuang Guo and Sirui Yang

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:43

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  7. Content type: Correction

    It has been highlighted that the original article [1] contained a typesetting mistake in the middle name of Arthur F. Steinschneider.

    Authors: Brittany A. Goods, Jacqueline M. Vahey, Arthur F. Steinschneider, Michael H. Askenase, Lauren Sansing and J. Christopher Love

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:42

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    The original article was published in BMC Immunology 2018 19:30

  8. Content type: Research article

    Macrophages are crucial players in a variety of inflammatory responses to environmental cues. However, it has been widely reported that macrophages cause chronic inflammation and are involved in a variety of d...

    Authors: Yuta Sugiyama, Yukari Hiraiwa, Yuichiro Hagiya, Motowo Nakajima, Tohru Tanaka and Shun-ichiro Ogura

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:41

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  9. Content type: Methodology article

    Oncolytic viruses have been proposed to be employed as a potential treatment of cancer. Well targeted, they will serve the purpose of cracking tumor cells without causing damage to normal cells. In this catego...

    Authors: Wenqing Ma, Hongbin He and Hongmei Wang

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:40

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  10. Content type: Research article

    The saprophytic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus reproduces by generation of conidia, which are spread by airflow throughout nature. Since humans are inhaling certain amounts of spores every day, the (innate) immune ...

    Authors: Lothar Marischen, Anne Englert, Anna-Lena Schmitt, Hermann Einsele and Juergen Loeffler

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:39

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  11. Content type: Research article

    The initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) plays a significant role in the clinical management of HIV infected people by preventing morbidity and mortality. This benefit becomes, the most t...

    Authors: Gizachew Ayele, Belay Tessema, Anteneh Amsalu, Getachew Ferede and Gizachew Yismaw

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:37

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  12. Content type: Research article

    Little is known about the presence of specific autoantibodies in ankylosing spondylitis (AS), an immune-mediated inflammatory disease. The object of this study was to explore potential autoantibody profiles in...

    Authors: Qiongyi Hu, Yue Sun, Yuan Li, Hui Shi, Jialin Teng, Honglei Liu, Xiaobing Cheng, Junna Ye, Yutong Su, Yufeng Yin, Mengru Liu, Jiucun Wang and Chengde Yang

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:38

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  13. Content type: Research article

    In coeliac disease, ingestion of gluten induces the production of transglutaminase 2 (TG2)-targeted autoantibodies by TG2-specific plasma cells present at high frequency in the small intestinal mucosa in untre...

    Authors: Minna Hietikko, Outi Koskinen, Kalle Kurppa, Kaija Laurila, Päivi Saavalainen, Teea Salmi, Tuire Ilus, Heini Huhtala, Katri Kaukinen and Katri Lindfors

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:36

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  14. Content type: Methodology article

    Most monoclonal antibodies against mouse antigens have been derived from rat spleen-mouse myeloma fusions, which are valuable tools for purposes ranging from general laboratory reagents to therapeutic drugs, a...

    Authors: Qin Chen, Shengping Qiu, Huanhuan Li, Chaolong Lin, Yong Luo, Wenfeng Ren, Yidi Zou, Yale Wang, Ninghshao Xia and Chenghao Huang

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:35

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  15. Content type: Research article

    Antibodies against Region III-V of the erythrocyte binding antigen (EBA) 175 (EBA175RIII-V) have been suggested to provide protection from malaria in a natural infection. However, the quality and quantity of n...

    Authors: L. E. Amoah, H. B. Abagna, K. Akyea-Mensah, A. C. Lo, K. A. Kusi and B. A. Gyan

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:34

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  16. Content type: Research article

    IL-17A has emerged as a key player in the pathologies of inflammation, autoimmune disease, and immunity to microbes since its discovery two decades ago. In this study, we aim to elucidate the activity of IL-17...

    Authors: Elaheh Movahed, Yi Ying Cheok, Grace Min Yi Tan, Chalystha Yie Qin Lee, Heng Choon Cheong, Rukumani Devi Velayuthan, Sun Tee Tay, Pei Pei Chong, Won Fen Wong and Chung Yeng Looi

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:32

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  17. Content type: Research article

    Lymph node tuberculosis (LNTB) is the most frequent extrapulmonary form of tuberculosis (TB). Studies of human tuberculosis at sites of disease are limited. LNTB provides a unique opportunity to compare local in ...

    Authors: Karima Sahmoudi, Hassan Abbassi, Nada Bouklata, Mohamed Nouredine El Alami, Abderrahmane Sadak, Christopher Burant, W. Henry Boom, Rajae El Aouad, David H. Canaday and Fouad Seghrouchni

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:33

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  18. Content type: Research article

    Down syndrome (DS) is the most common syndromic immunodeficiency with an increased risk of infection, mortality from sepsis, and autoinflammation. Innate immune function is altered in DS and therefore we exami...

    Authors: Dean Huggard, Fiona McGrane, Niamh Lagan, Edna Roche, Joanne Balfe, Timothy Ronan Leahy, Orla Franklin, Ana Moreno, Ashanty M. Melo, Derek G. Doherty and Eleanor J. Molloy

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:31

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  19. Content type: Research article

    Transcriptional profiling with ultra-low input methods can yield valuable insights into disease, particularly when applied to the study of immune cells using RNA-sequencing. The advent of these methods has all...

    Authors: Brittany A. Goods, Jacqueline M. Vahey, Arthur F. Steinschneider, Michael H. Askenase, Lauren Sansing and J. Christopher Love

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:30

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    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Immunology 2018 19:42

  20. Content type: Research article

    Excretory-secretory products released by Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces (EgPSC-ESPs) are well-known to regulate T cell responses. However, their direct influence on the differentiation of B cell subsets re...

    Authors: Wei Pan, Hui-wen Xu, Wen-ting Hao, Fen-fen Sun, Yan-fang Qin, Shan-shan Hao, Hua Liu, Jian-ping Cao, Yu-juan Shen and Kui-yang Zheng

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:29

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  21. Content type: Research article

    The involvement of inflammasome activation and macrophage polarization during the process of syphilis infection remains unknown. In this study, A series of experiments were performed using human macrophages to...

    Authors: Li-Rong Lin, Wei Liu, Xiao-Zhen Zhu, Yu-Yan Chen, Zheng-Xiang Gao, Kun Gao, Man-Li Tong, Hui-Lin Zhang, Yao Xiao, Wen-Dong Li, Shu-Lian Li, Hui-Ling Lin, Li-Li Liu, Zan-Xi Fang, Jian-Jun Niu, Yong Lin…

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:28

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  22. Content type: Research article

    The natural killer cell line, NK-92MI, is cytotoxic against various types of cancer. The aim of this study was to develop chimeric antigen receptor-modified (CAR) NK-92MI cells targeting carcinoembryonic antig...

    Authors: Masayuki Shiozawa, Chuan-Hsin Chang, Yi-Chun Huang, Yi-Ching Chen, Mau-Shin Chi, Hsu-Chao Hao, Yue-Cune Chang, Satoru Takeda, Kwan-Hwa Chi and Yu-Shan Wang

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:27

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  23. Content type: Research article

    Agonists of TLR3 and TLR4 are effective immunoadjuvants for different types of vaccines. The mechanisms of their immunostimulatory action differ significantly; these differences are particularly critical for i...

    Authors: Ekaterina Lebedeva, Alexander Bagaev, Alexey Pichugin, Marina Chulkina, Andrei Lysenko, Irina Tutykhina, Maxim Shmarov, Denis Logunov, Boris Naroditsky and Ravshan Ataullakhanov

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:26

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  24. Content type: Research article

    While vaccination remains the most effective method to control hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, 5–10% of recipients exhibit non-responsiveness to the HB vaccine. Immunological analysis of strong, weak or abs...

    Authors: Xiaojia Xu, Yulian Li, Yaping Liang, Mingjuan Yin, Zuwei Yu, Yan Zhang, Lingfeng Huang and Jindong Ni

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:25

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  25. Content type: Research article

    Macrophages are tissue resident immune cells important for host defence and homeostasis. During diabetes, macrophages and other innate immune cells are known to have a pro-inflammatory phenotype, which is beli...

    Authors: Sofia Pavlou, Jaime Lindsay, Rebecca Ingram, Heping Xu and Mei Chen

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:24

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  26. Content type: Research article

    In many clinical cases of extensive liver resection (e.g. due to malignancy), the residual portion is too small to maintain the body homeostasis. The resulting acute liver failure is associated with the compen...

    Authors: Andrey V. Elchaninov, Timur Kh. Fatkhudinov, Natalia Y. Usman, Evgeniya Y. Kananykhina, Irina V. Arutyunyan, Andrey V. Makarov, Anastasia V. Lokhonina, Irina Z. Eremina, Viktor V. Surovtsev, Dmitry V. Goldshtein, Galina B. Bolshakova, Valeria V. Glinkina and Gennady T. Sukhikh

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:23

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  27. Content type: Research article

    Deficits in disorders of humoral immunity associated with a deficit of antibodies are the most common primary immunodeficiency. Total IgG and IgG subclasses measurements are used to diagnose, differentiate and...

    Authors: Gerard Pasternak, Aleksandra Lewandowicz-Uszyńska and Katarzyna Pentoś

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:22

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  29. Content type: Research article

    Potassium channel tetramerisation domain containing 9 (KCTD9), a member of KCTD family with a DNA-like pentapeptide repeat domain, was found to be increased particularly in NK cells of patients with HBV-induce...

    Authors: Xiaoping Zhang, Lin Zhu, Yaoyong Zhou, Aichao Shi, Hongwu Wang, Meifang Han, Xiaoyang Wan, Semvua Bukheti Kilonzo, Xiaoping Luo, Tao Chen and Qin Ning

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:20

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  30. Content type: Research article

    Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection requires CD4+ T-cell responses and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) presentation of Mtb antigens (Ags). Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most p...

    Authors: Zhengzhong Xu, Aihong Xia, Xin Li, Zhaocheng Zhu, Yechi Shen, Shanshan Jin, Tian Lan, Yuqing Xie, Han Wu, Chuang Meng, Lin Sun, Yuelan Yin, Xiang Chen and Xinan Jiao

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:19

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  31. Content type: Research article

    Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), membranous nephropathy (MN) and minimal-change disease (MCD) are three common types of glomerulonephritis in China. Pathological diagnosis based on renal biopsy is the crit...

    Authors: Jin Dong, Tianhao Peng, Jing Gao, Xingwang Jia, Guangtao Yan and Yong Wang

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:18

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  32. Content type: Research article

    Fra-1 (fosl1) belongs to the activator protein1 (AP-1) family inducing IL-11 expression in oxidative stress condition. IL-11 plays a pivotal role in protecting epithelial barriers integrity. In this study, we inv...

    Authors: Milad Sabzevary-Ghahfarokhi, Mojtaba Shohan, Hedayatollah Shirzad, Ghorbanali Rahimian, Nader Bagheri, Amin Soltani, Fatemeh Deris, Mahdi Ghatreh-Samani and Ehsan Razmara

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:17

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  33. Content type: Review

    Cancer immunoprevention is based on the fact that a functioning immune system controls tumor onset and development in humans and animals, thus leading to the idea that the enhancement of immune responses in he...

    Authors: Arianna Palladini, Lorena Landuzzi, Pier-Luigi Lollini and Patrizia Nanni

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:16

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  34. Content type: Research article

    Although a safe and effective yellow fever vaccine was developed more than 80 years ago, several issues regarding its use remain unclear. For example, what is the minimum dose that can provide immunity against...

    Authors: Carla R. B. Bonin, Guilherme C. Fernandes, Rodrigo W. dos Santos and Marcelo Lobosco

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:15

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  35. Content type: Research article

    Hu-rhEGF-rP64k/Mont is a biotechnology product for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The vaccine induces a neutralizing antibody-mediated immune response, against the normal circula...

    Authors: Puyuan Xing, Hongyu Wang, Sheng Yang, Xiaohong Han, Yan Sun and Yuankai Shi

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:14

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  36. Content type: Research article

    Tumor-Associated Neutrophils (TANs) may be able to induce lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis, although the detailed roles of TANs remain unclear. The Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) is an inflammation-based ...

    Authors: Soichiro Hiramatsu, Hiroaki Tanaka, Junya Nishimura, Chie Sakimura, Tatsuro Tamura, Takahiro Toyokawa, Kazuya Muguruma, Masakazu Yashiro, Kosei Hirakawa and Masaichi Ohira

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:13

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  37. Content type: Research article

    Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is thought to be an autoimmune disease driven by anti-islet antigen responses and mediated by T-cells. Recent published data suggests that T-cell reactivity to modified peptides, effectiv...

    Authors: John Sidney, Jose Luis Vela, Dave Friedrich, Ravi Kolla, Matthias von Herrath, Johnna D. Wesley and Alessandro Sette

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:12

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  39. Content type: Research article

    Serological antibodies tests for tuberculosis (TB) are widely used in developing countries. They appear to have some advantages- faster, simple and could be used for extrapulmonary TB. However, most of current...

    Authors: Jinjing Tan, Xiaoguang Wu, Suting Chen, Meng Gu, Hairong Huang and Wentao Yue

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:10

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  40. Content type: Research article

    The potency of T regulatory (TREG) cells to inhibit T helper (Th)-driven immune cell responses has been linked to increased intracellular cyclic-AMP (cAMP) levels of TREG cells. In an ovalbumin (OVA)-driven al...

    Authors: Kari J. Dugger, Taylor Chrisman, Sarah L. Sayner, Parker Chastain, Kacie Watson and Robert Estes

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:9

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  41. Content type: Research article

    Besides their prominent role in the elimination of infected or malignantly transformed cells, natural killer (NK) cells serve as modulators of adaptive immune responses. Enhancing bidirectional crosstalk betwe...

    Authors: Tammy Oth, Thomas H. P. M. Habets, Wilfred T. V. Germeraad, Marijke I. Zonneveld, Gerard M. J. Bos and Joris Vanderlocht

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:8

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  42. Content type: Research article

    As a factor contributing to the tumor cell drug resistance, tumor microenvironment (TME) is being paid increasingly attention. However, the drug resistance of malignantly transformed cells in TME has rarely be...

    Authors: Xifeng Fei, Anqi Wang, Delin Wang, Xan Meng, Jiawei Ma, Lei Hong, Ruwei Qin, Aidong Wang, Jun Dong, Qiang Huang and Zhimin Wang

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:7

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  43. Content type: Research article

    The need for rapid and accurate comparison of panels of adjuvanted vaccine formulations and subsequent rational down selection, presents several challenges for modern vaccine development. Here we describe a me...

    Authors: Sumera Y. Younis, Christophe Barnier-Quer, Simon Heuking, Vinod Sommandas, Livia Brunner, Nicole vd.Werff, Patrice Dubois, Martin Friede, Clemens Kocken, Nicolas Collin and Ed Remarque

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:6

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  44. Content type: Research Article

    The Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine has been widely used in children to prevent invasive Hib disease because of its strong immunogenicity and antibody response induction relative to the caps...

    Authors: Jing Tang, Ying Zhang, Xiaolong Zhang, Yun Liao, Yongrong Wang, Shengjie Ouyang, Yanchun Che, Miao Xu, Jing Pu, Qi Shen, Zhanlong He, Qiang Ye and Qihan Li

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:4

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  45. Content type: Research article

    The lymphatic vascular pattern in the head of mice has rarely been studied, due to problems of sectioning and immunostaining of complex bony structures. Therefore, the association of head lymphoid tissues with...

    Authors: Melanie Lohrberg, Reinhard Pabst and Jörg Wilting

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:5

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  46. Content type: Research article

    Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains the most common cause of cancer related death worldwide. Tumor-infiltrating macrophages are believed to play an important role in growth, progression, and metastasis ...

    Authors: Jurgita Jackute, Marius Zemaitis, Darius Pranys, Brigita Sitkauskiene, Skaidrius Miliauskas, Simona Vaitkiene and Raimundas Sakalauskas

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:3

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  47. Content type: Research article

    Weighted Gene Co-expression Network analysis, a powerful technique used to extract co-expressed gene pattern from mRNA expression data, was constructed to infer common immune strategies used by cattle in respo...

    Authors: Hamid Beiki, Abbas Pakdel, Ardeshir Nejati Javaremi, Ali Masoudi-Nejad and James M. Reecy

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:2

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  48. Content type: Research article

    Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common psychiatric complication of HIV/AIDS. While considerable research has been undertaken to understand the psychosocial risk factors of MDD, there is a paucity of data ...

    Authors: Kenneth Musinguzi, Andrew Obuku, Noeline Nakasujja, Harriet Birabwa, Juliet Nakku, Jonathan Levin and Eugene Kinyanda

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2018 19:1

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  49. Content type: Research article

    Chemokines and their cognate receptors play important role in the control of leukocyte chemotaxis, HIV entry and other inflammatory diseases. Developing an effcient method to investigate the functional express...

    Authors: Baosheng Ge, Jiqiang Li, Zhijin Wei, Tingting Sun, Yanzhuo Song and Naseer Ullah Khan

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2017 18:54

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  50. Content type: Research article

    Some patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) also have positivity of rheumatoid factor (RF). However, the clinical significance of this occurrence remains unknown i...

    Authors: Shinji Watanabe, Takahisa Gono, Kumiko Nishina, Naohiro Sugitani, Eri Watanabe, Hiroki Yabe and Chihiro Terai

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2017 18:53

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