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Table 2 Results of statistical tests comparing cytokine expression in the GWI and HV groups

From: Evidence for abnormal cytokine expression in Gulf War Illness: A preliminary analysis of daily immune monitoring data

Immune biomarker

GWI

HV

CV: GWI vs. HV t-test results

GWI vs. HV GEE results

GWI fatigue-cytokine LMM results

Conc. mean (sd)

CV mean (sd)

Conc. mean (sd)

CV mean (sd)

   

BDNF

23.36 (8.84)

29.78 (22.28)

23.97 (6.79)

16.86 (6.24)

t(13) = −1.578, p = 0.138

χ 2 = 0.068, p = 0.794

F = 0.911, p = 0.341

Eotaxin-1

168.94 (66.21)

23.89 (3.99)

227.17 (129.9)

15.27 (1.78)

t(11) = −5.173, p ≤ 0.001

χ 2 = 3.221, p = 0.073

F = 3.467, p = 0.065

Factor VII

391.89 (124.38)

9.71 (4.75)

407.54 (54.29)

7.74 (1.63)

t(13) = −1.104, p = 0.290

χ 2 = 0.180, p = 0.671

F = 0.849, p = 0.358

ICAM-1

118.89 (32.35)

10.6 (3.58)

125.21 (34.4)

9.59 (2.52)

t(13) = −0.639, p = 0.534

χ 2 = 0.429, p = 0.512

F = 0.035, p = 0.852

IL-1β

4.49 (0.7)

15.61 (3.24)

3.84 (0.39)

10.49 (3.09)

t(12) = −3.011, p = 0.011

χ 2 = 5.204, p = 0.023

F = 7.238, p = 0.008

IL-1Ra

579.28 (184.39)

25.68 (7.62)

636.16 (106.9)

21.87 (3.75)

t(13) = −1.257, p = 0.231

χ 2 = 0.161, p = 0.688

F = 2.140, p = 0.145

IL-8

7.06 (1.42)

27.42 (15.1)

7.54 (3.88)

28.21 (13.9)

t(13) = 0.106, p = 0.917

χ 2 = 0.483, p = 0.487

F = 5.046, p = 0.026

IL-10

6.09 (0.57)

17.23 (8.15)

5.69 (0.26)

16.07 (7.39)

t(8) = −0.235, p = 0.820

χ 2 = 2.890, p = 0.089

F = 0.837, p = 0.364

IL-12p40

0.39 (0.1)

19.03 (2.34)

0.46 (0.07)

15.98 (3.1)

t(13) = −2.126, p = 0.053

χ 2 = 1.845, p = 0.174

F = 3.418, p = 0.066

IL-15

0.76 (0.1)

15.6 (2.77)

0.73 (0.1)

14.49 (3.5)

t(11) = −0.600, p = 0.561

χ 2 = 1.366, p = 0.242

F = 21.951, p ≤ 0.001

IL-17

4.02 (0.27)

21.34 (12.13)

3.78 (0.19)

5.51 (9.55)

t(4) = −1.776, p = 0.150

χ 2 = 2.379, p = 0.123

F = 0.391, p = 0.536

IL-18

287.44 (83.16)

12.79 (3.72)

243.66 (102.56)

10.38 (3.8)

t(13) = −1.236, p = 0.238

χ 2 = 0.670, p = 0.413

F = 0.973, p = 0.325

IL-23

1.93 (0.11)

13.58 (3.76)

1.9 (0.13)

9.29 (2.84)

t(10) = −2.259, p = 0.047

χ 2 = 1.280, p = 0.258

F = 1.320, p = 0.255

MIP-1α

35.24 (2.24)

7.26 (3.96)

38.87 (6.28)

7.94 (4.18)

t(6) = 0.237, p = 0.821

χ 2 = 0.243, p = 0.622

F = 0.367, p = 0.547

MIP-1β

246.95 (82.29)

21.41 (7.05)

342.66 (125.03)

13.58 (4.42)

t(13) = −2.536, p = 0.030

χ 2 = 3.121, p = 0.077

F = 4.451, p = 0.036

MMP-3

12.32 (5.2)

18.25 (7.12)

14.91 (5.81)

17.19 (8.39)

t(13) = −0.262, p = 0.797

χ 2 = 0.745, p = 0.388

F = 1.140, p = 0.287

MMP-9

58.31 (15.98)

21.9 (8)

65.44 (28.67)

18.87 (3.42)

t(13) = −0.977, p = 0.346

χ 2 = 0.428, p = 0.513

F = 0.865, p = 0.354

MCP-1

295.95 (173.89)

21.75 (7.38)

419.04 (167.77)

18.07 (8.38)

t(13) = −0.897, p = 0.386

χ 2 = 2.704, p = 0.100

F = 1.142, p = 0.287

SCF

400.74 (98.01)

16.05 (3.18)

496.78 (80.29)

13.31 (2.31)

t(13) = −1.925, p = 0.076

χ 2 = 4.302, p = 0.038

F = 2.560, p = 0.111

VEGF

161.42 (82.29)

19.92 (9.36)

190.26 (86.36)

13.64 (4.62)

t(13) = −1.684, p = 0.116

χ 2 = 1.079, p = 0.299

F = 4.370, p = 0.038

Leptin

13.51 (6.25)

18.09 (4.4)

12.59 (10.22)

15.68 (3.47)

t(13) = −1.182, p = 0.258

χ 2 = 0.003, p = 0.958

F = 0.405, p = 0.525

  1. For each analyte: columns 2–5 show the mean and standard deviation (sd) of the cytokine concentrations (conc.) and the day-to-day cytokine fluctuations (presented as the coefficient of variation or CV); column 6 shows the results of group comparison tests of the CVs between GWI and HV; column 7 shows the results of group comparisons of serum concentrations between GWI and HV; the last column shows the results of tests for associations between cytokine and symptom variability in GWI. Statistically significant results are bolded and underlined (at p=0.0098 which is α=0.05 adjusted for the expected false discovery rate in 93 statistical tests).
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BMC Immunology

ISSN: 1471-2172

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