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  1. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that immune dysfunction and the increased risk of spontaneous abortion in pregnant women with hyperandrogenia (HA) are caused by the reduced tolerogenic potential of den...

    Authors: Elena R Chernykh, Olga Yu Leplina, Marina A Tikhonova, Nataliya V Seledtsova, Tamara V Tyrinova, Nataliya A Khonina, Alexandr A Ostanin and Nataliya M Pasman
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2015 16:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. We previously showed that the Vibrio cholerae ghost platform (VCG; empty V. cholerae cell envelopes) is an effective delivery system for vaccine antigens promoting the induction of substantial immunity in the abs...

    Authors: Francis O Eko, Jayanti Mania-Pramanik, Roshan Pais, Qing Pan, Daniel M N Okenu, Arieian Johnson, Chris Ibegbu, Cheng He, Qing He, Raedeen Russell, Carolyn M Black and Joseph U Igietseme
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:584
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. TREM-1 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells), a receptor expressed on neutrophils and monocytes, is upregulated in sepsis and seems to tune the inflammatory response. We explored the expression of T...

    Authors: Androniki Marioli, Marina Koupetori, Maria Raftogiannis, Maria Patrani, Nikolaos Antonakos, Maria Pavlaki, Georgios Adamis, Georgia Dougekou, Georgia Damoraki and Iraklis Tsangaris
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:585
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Highly purified nuclear protein is required when using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) to study transcription factors, e.g. nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a major transcription factor that regulates bo...

    Authors: Yuqian Luo, Takeshi Hara, Yuko Ishido, Aya Yoshihara, Kenzaburo Oda, Masahiko Makino, Norihisa Ishii, Naoki Hiroi and Koichi Suzuki
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:586
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  6. Lipid rafts are cholesterol and saturated lipid-rich, nanometer sized membrane domains that are hypothesized to play an important role in compartmentalization and spatiotemporal regulation of cellular signalin...

    Authors: Daniel Schieffer, Sanya Naware, Walter Bakun and Anil K Bamezai
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:58
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Sequence analysis of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) gene rearrangements and frequency analysis is a powerful tool for studying the immune repertoire, immune responses and immune dysregulation in health and d...

    Authors: Michael J Moorhouse, David van Zessen, Hanna IJspeert, Saskia Hiltemann, Sebastian Horsman, Peter J van der Spek, Mirjam van der Burg and Andrew P Stubbs
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:59
    Content type: Software Published on:

  8. Near universal administration of vaccines mandates intense pharmacovigilance for vaccine safety and a stringently low tolerance for adverse events. Reports of autoimmune diseases (AID) following vaccination ha...

    Authors: Peter B McGarvey, Baris E Suzek, James N Baraniuk, Shruti Rao, Brian Conkright, Samir Lababidi, Andrea Sutherland, Richard Forshee and Subha Madhavan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:61
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Intracellular pathogens have devised various mechanisms to subvert the host immune response in order to survive and replicate in host cells. Here, we studied the infection of human blood monocytes with the int...

    Authors: Tanja Buchacher, Herbert Wiesinger-Mayr, Klemens Vierlinger, Beate M Rüger, Gerold Stanek, Michael B Fischer and Viktoria Weber
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:60
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. To understand the role of genetic factors on chromosome 1 in the regulation of spontaneous arthritis in mice deficient in IL-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL_1RA), we previously used speed congenic breeding t...

    Authors: Nan Deng, Yan Jiao, Yanhong Cao, Xiaoyun Liu, Yonghui Ma, Karen A Hasty, David D Brand, John M Stuart and Weikuan Gu
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:57
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Nur77 is an orphan nuclear receptor expressed in human atheroma. In vascular cells in vitro, Nur77 expression is induced by pro-inflammatory factors, such as oxidized LDL (oxLDL).

    Authors: Liu-hua Hu, Ying Yu, Shu-xuan Jin, Peng Nie, Zhao-hua Cai, Ming-li Cui, Shi-qun Sun, Hua Xiao, Qin Shao, Ling-hong Shen and Ben He
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:54
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Insufficient leukocyte recruitment may be one reason for the high incidence of life-threatening infections in preterm infants. Since the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a known leukocyte ...

    Authors: Kirsten Buschmann, Raphaela Tschada, Marie-Sophie Metzger, Natascha Braach, Navina Kuss, Hannes Hudalla, Johannes Poeschl and David Frommhold
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:53
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. The Syrian golden hamster (Mesocricetus aureus) has been used as a model to study infections caused by a number of human pathogens. Studies of immunopathogenesis in hamster infection models are challenging becaus...

    Authors: Claudia M Espitia, Omar A Saldarriaga, Bruno L Travi, E Yaneth Osorio, Alvaro Hernandez, Mark Band, Mandakini J Patel, Audrie A Medina, Michael Cappello, Andrew Pekosz and Peter C Melby
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:38
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. The extracellular domains of cytokine receptors are released during inflammation, but little is known about the shedding of Toll-like receptors (TLR) and whether they can be used as diagnostic biomarkers.

    Authors: Jaap ten Oever, Matthijs Kox, Frank L van de Veerdonk, Khutso M Mothapo, Adriana Slavcovici, Tim L Jansen, Lieke Tweehuysen, Evangelos J Giamarellos-Bourboulis, Peter M Schneeberger, Peter C Wever, Monique Stoffels, Anna Simon, Jos WM van der Meer, Melissa D Johnson, Bart-Jan Kullberg, Peter Pickkers…
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:55
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. In the immune system, the serum levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) increase gradually during ageing. Through B cell development, the Ig heavy chain expression is modulated by a regulatory region at the 3’ of the co...

    Authors: Eliseo Serone, Cristina Daleno, Nicola Principi, Laura Porretti, Valentina Iacoacci, Cesare Gargioli, Andrea Magrini, Renato Massoud, Pietro D’Addabbo, Marco Cattalini, Vincenzo Giambra, Alessandro Plebani, Susanna Esposito and Domenico Frezza
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:45
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Carbon monoxide (CO), a byproduct of heme degradation, is attracting growing attention from the scientific community. At physiological concentrations, CO plays a role as a signal messenger that regulates a num...

    Authors: Alexandre Chigaev, Yelena Smagley and Larry A Sklar
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:52
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. The naïve antibody repertoire is initially dependent upon the number of germline V(D)J genes and the ability of recombined heavy and light chains to pair. Individual VH and VL genes are not equally represented...

    Authors: Sean P Fitzsimmons, Antonina G Aydanian, Kathleen J Clark and Marjorie A Shapiro
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:51
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Monocytes reportedly contribute to liver regeneration. Three subsets have been identified to date: classical, intermediate, non-classical monocytes. The intermediate population and a subtype expressing TIE2 (T...

    Authors: Dominic Schauer, Patrick Starlinger, Philipp Zajc, Lejla Alidzanovic, Thomas Maier, Elisabeth Buchberger, Lorand Pop, Birgit Gruenberger, Thomas Gruenberger and Christine Brostjan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:50
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Long-acting β2 adrenergic agonists (LABAs) are commonly used combined with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) to treat asthmatic patients. Previous reports suggest that LABAs have an anti-inflammatory effect in bro...

    Authors: Go Kato, Koichiro Takahashi, Hiroki Tashiro, Keigo Kurata, Hideharu Shirai, Shinya Kimura and Shinichiro Hayashi
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:39
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. The tissue-signaling cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 are critical to host defense against oral Candida albicans infection, by their induction of oral antimicrobial peptide expression and recruitment of neutrophils. Muc...

    Authors: Mathieu Goupil, Vincent Cousineau-Côté, Francine Aumont, Serge Sénéchal, Louis Gaboury, Zaher Hanna, Paul Jolicoeur and Louis de Repentigny
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:49
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. The significance of a unique inhibitory Fc receptor for IgG, FcγRIIB (RIIB), in the prevention of spontaneous production of autoantibodies remains controversial, due mainly to the fact that the RIIB locus is adja...

    Authors: Yasuyoshi Kanari, Akiko Sugahara–Tobinai, Haruka Takahashi, Masanori Inui, Akira Nakamura, Sachiko Hirose and Toshiyuki Takai
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:47
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Our informal observations suggested that some patients with acute sensorineural hearing loss (ASNHL) have subnormal serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels. We evaluated 28 consecutive adults (18 men, 10 women) at AS...

    Authors: Luigi F Bertoli, Dennis G Pappas, J Clayborn Barton and James C Barton
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:43
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. The application of vaccine adjuvants has been vigorously studied for a diverse range of diseases in order to improve immune responses and reduce toxicity. However, most adjuvants have limited uses in clinical ...

    Authors: Kyung Hee Noh, Yeong Min Park, Hyuk Soon Kim, Tae Heung Kang, Kwon-Ho Song, Young-Ho Lee, Yeongseon Byeon, Hat Nim Jeon, In Duk Jung, Byung Cheol Shin, Kyung-Mi Lee, Seung-Yong Seong, Hee Dong Han and Tae Woo Kim
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:48
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of antibody variable regions has emerged as a powerful tool in systems immunology by providing quantitative molecular information on polyclonal humoral immune responses. Reprod...

    Authors: Victor Greiff, Ulrike Menzel, Ulrike Haessler, Skylar C Cook, Simon Friedensohn, Tarik A Khan, Mark Pogson, Ina Hellmann and Sai T Reddy
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:40
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Innate immunity and tissue proliferation play important roles in otitis media (OM), the most common disease of childhood. CJUN terminal kinase (JNK) is potentially involved in both processes.

    Authors: William Yao, Meredith Frie, Jeffrey Pan, Kwang Pak, Nicholas Webster, Stephen I Wasserman and Allen F Ryan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:46
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. The spleen is thought to be central in regulating the immune system, a metabolic asset involved in endocrine function. Overwhelming postsplenectomy infection leads to a mortality rate of up to 50%. However, th...

    Authors: Hai-Bo Chu, Ting-Guo Zhang, Jian-Hua Zhao, Feng-Guo Jian, Yong-Bo Xu, Tao Wang, Min Wang, Jin-Yuan Tang, Hong-Jie Sun, Kun Li, Wen-Jun Guo and Xiao-Ji Zhu
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:42
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. In former studies we showed in a rat model of renal transplantation that Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC) prevent acute rejection in an independent way of their endowing in the graft. In this study we investiga...

    Authors: Marilena Gregorini, Francesca Bosio, Chiara Rocca, Valeria Corradetti, Teresa Valsania, Eleonora Francesca Pattonieri, Pasquale Esposito, Giulia Bedino, Chiara Collesi, Carmelo Libetta, Francesco Frassoni, Antonio Dal Canton and Teresa Rampino
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:44
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects the lung epithelium where it stimulates the production of numerous host cytokines that are associated with disease burden and acute lung injury. Characterizing the hos...

    Authors: Robert F Foronjy, Abdoulaye J Dabo, Neville Cummins and Patrick Geraghty
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:41
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, such as sirolimus and its derivative, everolimus, are potent immunosuppressive and antiproliferative drugs. Inflammatory diseases are characterized by immunolog...

    Authors: Hugo You-Hsien Lin, Kai-Ting Chang, Chi-Chih Hung, Chang-Hung Kuo, Shang-Jyh Hwang, Hung-Chun Chen, Chih-Hsing Hung and Sheng-Fung Lin
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:37
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Granzyme B (GrzB) is a serine proteinase expressed by memory T cells and NK cells. Methods to measure GrzB protein usually involve intracellular (flow cytometry) and extracellular (ELISA and ELISpot) assays. C...

    Authors: Lin Lin, Jacob Couturier, Xiaoying Yu, Miguel A Medina, Claudia A Kozinetz and Dorothy E Lewis
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:36
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. In vitro studies have shown that the active form of vitamin D3, 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), can regulate differentiation of CD4+ T cells by inhibiting Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation and promoting ...

    Authors: Martin Kongsbak, Marina Rode von Essen, Trine Bøegh Levring, Peter Schjerling, Anders Woetmann, Niels Ødum, Charlotte Menné Bonefeld and Carsten Geisler
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:35
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Alterations of B cell subset distribution have been described in the peripheral blood (PB) of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, but no data are available on differences between the onset and the established ...

    Authors: Anna Laura Fedele, Barbara Tolusso, Elisa Gremese, Silvia Laura Bosello, Angela Carbonella, Silvia Canestri and Gianfranco Ferraccioli
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:28
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare disease characterized by the presence of allergic granulomatosis and necrotizing vasculitis with eosinophilic infiltration. The etiology of EGPA i...

    Authors: Naomi Tsurikisawa, Hiroshi Saito, Chiyako Oshikata, Takahiro Tsuburai, Miyako Ishiyama, Hiroyuki Mitomi and Kazuo Akiyama
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:32
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Various immunotherapeutic approaches have been used for the treatment of cancer. A number of natural compounds are designed to repair, stimulate, or enhance the immune system response. Among them are the hemoc...

    Authors: Vera Gesheva, Stela Chausheva, Nikolina Mihaylova, Iliyan Manoylov, Lyuba Doumanova, Krassimira Idakieva and Andrey Tchorbanov
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:34
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders mainly characterized by increased susceptibility to infections. The aims of this study were to estimate the occurrence rate ...

    Authors: Nicholas Brodszki, Göran Jönsson, Lillemor Skattum and Lennart Truedsson
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:31
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. The inflammasome is an intracellular protein complex triggered by exposure to intracellular pathogens, its components or other endogenous proteins. It leads to the activation of and subsequent release of proin...

    Authors: Hanna K De Jong, Gavin CKW Koh, Miriam HP van Lieshout, Joris JTH Roelofs, Jaap T van Dissel, Tom van der Poll and W Joost Wiersinga
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:30
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Deep-sequencing methods are rapidly developing in the field of B-cell receptor (BCR) and T-cell receptor (TCR) diversity. These promise to revolutionise our understanding of adaptive immune dynamics, identify ...

    Authors: Rachael JM Bashford-Rogers, Anne L Palser, Saad F Idris, Lisa Carter, Michael Epstein, Robin E Callard, Daniel C Douek, George S Vassiliou, George A Follows, Mike Hubank and Paul Kellam
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:29
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Development and function of tissue resident mast cells (MCs) is tightly controlled by various cytokines, most of which belong to the typical T helper (Th) 2-type cytokines such as IL-3 and IL-4. The effects of...

    Authors: Gernot Sellge, Miriam Barkowsky, Sigrid Kramer, Thomas Gebhardt, Leif E Sander, Axel Lorentz and Stephan C Bischoff
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:27
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Patients with antibody deficiencies depend on the presence of a variety of antibody specificities in intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) to ensure continued protection against pathogens. Few studies have examine...

    Authors: Fernanda Aimée Nobre, Isabela Garrido da Silva Gonzalez, Raquel Maria Simão, Maria Isabel de Moraes Pinto and Beatriz Tavares Costa-Carvalho
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:26
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Interleukin 7 (IL-7) signals via the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) and drives homeostatic T-cell proliferation in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT).

    Authors: Thomas Poiret, Lalit Rane, Mats Remberger, Birgitta Omazic, Åsa Gustafsson-Jernberg, Nalini Kumar Vudattu, Raija Ahmed, Ingemar Ernberg, Jacek Winiarski, Isabelle Magalhaes, Olle Ringden and Markus Maeurer
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:25
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Immunoregulatory probiotics (immunobiotics) have been proposed to improve piglets’ immune system to avoid intestinal infections and reduce unproductive inflammation after weaning. Previously, it was demonstrat...

    Authors: Yoshihito Suda, Julio Villena, Yu Takahashi, Shoichi Hosoya, Yohsuke Tomosada, Kohichiro Tsukida, Tomoyuki Shimazu, Hisashi Aso, Masanori Tohno, Mitsuharu Ishida, Seiya Makino, Shuji Ikegami and Haruki Kitazawa
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:24
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. B-Cell Activating Factor (BAFF) is a cytokine regulating antibody production. Polymorphisms in the gene encoding BAFF were associated with the antibody response to Ascaris but not to mite allergens. In the presen...

    Authors: Adriana Bornacelly, Dilia Mercado, Nathalie Acevedo and Luis Caraballo
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:22
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Allergen immunotherapy (SIT) is the only treatment for allergic disease capable of modifying disease long term. To reduce the risk of anaphylaxis from SIT, allergen-extracts have been modified by polymerisatio...

    Authors: Zoe L Urry, David F Richards, Cheryl Black, Maria Morales, Jerónimo Carnés, Catherine M Hawrylowicz and Douglas S Robinson
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:21
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) may present with pulmonary involvement ranging from mild to life-threatening disease such as diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. There is a pau...

    Authors: Tidi M Hassan, Astrid S Hassan, Ann Igoe, Mark Logan, Cedric Gunaratnam, Noel G McElvaney and Shane J O’Neill
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:20
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Recent studies have demonstrated a protective role for IL-33 against obesity-associated inflammation, atherosclerosis and metabolic abnormalities. IL-33 promotes the production of T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokin...

    Authors: Amal Hasan, Fahad Al-Ghimlas, Samia Warsame, Asma Al-Hubail, Rasheed Ahmad, Abdullah Bennakhi, Monira Al-Arouj, Kazem Behbehani, Mohammed Dehbi and Said Dermime
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:19
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Fcγ receptors mediate important biological signals in myeloid cells including the ingestion of microorganisms through a process of phagocytosis. It is well-known that Fcγ receptor (FcγR) crosslinking induces t...

    Authors: Shweta Joshi, Alok Ranjan Singh, Muamera Zulcic and Donald L Durden
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:18
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Serious infections are common in patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) mainly because of the effects of immunosuppression. The innate immune system plays an important role in the defe...

    Authors: Ana Moreto, Concepción Fariñas-Alvarez, Maria Puente, Javier Gonzalo Ocejo-Vinyals, Pablo Sánchez-Velasco, Juan Pablo Horcajada, Ana Batlle, Carmen Montes, Francisca Santos, Eulogio Conde and Maria-Carmen Fariñas
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:17
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. The immune system plays a critical role in the development of co-infections, promoting or preventing establishment of multiple infections and shaping the outcome of pathogen-host interactions. Its ability to m...

    Authors: Erika van den Bogaart, Al-Badawi A Talha, Masja Straetemans, Pètra F Mens, Emily R Adams, Martin P Grobusch, Bakri Y M Nour and Henk D F H Schallig
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2014 15:16
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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