Immunogenicity and therapeutic effects of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis rv2190c DNA vaccine in mice

Abstract

Background

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global public health problem. New treatment methods on TB are urgently demanded. In this study, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) rv2190c DNA vaccine was prepared and its immunogenicity and therapeutic effects were evaluated.

Results

Non-infected mice immunized with rv2190c DNA or ag85a DNA showed higher levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in stimulated spleen lymphocyte culture supernatants, and had more Th1 cells and an elevatory ratio of Th1/Th2 immune cells in whole blood, indicating that Th1-type immune response was predominant. Compared with the saline group, ag85a DNA group and rv2190c DNA group in the infected mice decreased the lung colony-forming units (CFUs) by 0.533 and 0.283 log₁₀, and spleen CFUs by 0.425 and 0.321 log₁₀ respectively, and pathological lesion.

Conclusions

The rv2190c DNA had some immunotherapeutic effect on TB.

Background

Tuberculosis (TB) is a severe respiratory infectious disease in which protective immunity and pathological hypersensitivity to an intracellular bacterium coexist [1, 2]. In 2013, there were 9 million incident cases and 1.5 million deaths [3]. It is difficult to cure with anti-TB chemotherapy because a long treatment duration (a minimum of six-month chemotherapy) with multiple drugs was used on active TB, many TB patients cannot complete a full period of treatment, which lead to failure of treatment and acquired drug resistance with eventual creation of multi-drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) [4]. Accordingly, effective vaccines are needed in the face of failing drug treatments, and this may include therapeutic vaccines. Protective immunity against TB is largely attributed to a cellular immune response in which the production of the Th1-type cytokines (for example interferon-gamma, IFN-γ) predominates over the production of the Th2-type cytokines (for example interleukin-4, IL-4) [5–7]. DNA vaccination has been found to establish and boost antigen-specific cellular immunity in the direction of responses. Furthermore, immunotherapy with plasmid DNA has been found to be an effective adjunctive treatment in combination with antibacterial chemotherapy in mice. It both shortened the period of treatment and improved the therapy outcome of latent TB infection [8, 9]. Furthermore, we and others have shown that ag85a DNA vaccine can also have immunotherapeutic effects against MDR-TB in mice [10–12]. Here we report that the rv2190c gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is similarly effective as a therapeutic DNA vaccine. The open reading frame (ORF) contains 1177 nucleotides and encodes a hypothetical protein with an NlpC/P60 domain [13]. Målen et al. [14] identified the protein product of rv2190c in MTB culture filtrate, showing that it could be expressed and secreted in vitro. Parthasarathy et al. [15] showed that the gene and its protein product were essential for normal growth and virulence of MTB in vivo and McMurry et al. [16] found that Rv2190c peptide could stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells to secrete IFN-γ in persons with latent TB infection. Beyond that, MTB Rv2190c antigen has not been extensively studied and thus therefore presents new possibilities for developing drug targets, diagnostic reagents and vaccines. Accordingly we evaluated its immunogenicity and immunotherapeutic effects as a DNA vaccine in mice.

Methods

Mice

One hundred 6-8 week age of female BALB/c mice without specific pathogen were purchased from the Academy of Military Medicine and Science, Beijing, China, maintained under infection barrier conditions in a negative pressure animal room in the 309^th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China, and fed a sterile commercial mouse diet (Beijing KeAoXieLi Company Limited, China). The study procedures were approved by the 309th Hospital of the Chinese PLA Research Animal Ethics Committees.

MTB strain

MTB H₃₇Rv was provided by National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.

Preparation of recombinant Rv2190c protein

The procedures preparation of Rv2190c protein were briefly as follows: a 1168 bp gene fragment of rv2190c was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The forward primer with a Nhe I enzyme site: 5′- CTAGCTAGCATGAGGCTCGACCAGAGGTGGTT -3′; the reverse primer with an EcoR I enzyme site: 5′- CCGGAATTCTCAGTAACGGCGGGCGTCG -3′. The resulting PCR product was ligated with plasmid vector pET30a (Promega), and then transformed into E. coli DH5α [17]. The recombinant plasmid rv2190c/pET30a was analyzed by Huada gene Ltd. Beijing, China and had 100% identity with the designed sequence by BLAST analysis. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into E. coli strain BL21 (DE3). The expression and purification of recombinant Rv2190c protein was performed according to the method described previously [18].

Construction of rv2190c DNA vaccine

The construction map and method of rv2190c DNA vaccine were shown in Fig.1 and described previously [19]. The sequence encoding Rv2190c was amplified from MTB H₃₇Rv by PCR. The forward primer with a Nde I enzyme site: 5′- CTAGGCTAGCCACCATGGGGCTCGACCAGAGGTGGTT-3′; the reverse primer with an EcoR I enzyme site: 5′-CCGGAATTCTCA GTAACGGCGGGCGTCG -3′ (synthesized by Shanghai Sangon Ltd. Beijing, China). The PCR product fragment was 1177 bp. Recombinant plasmid rv2190c DNA was sequenced by Huada gene Ltd. Beijing, China and was found to conform to the sequence designed using BLAST analysis. EndoFree plasmid purification kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) was used to purify rv2190c DNA vaccine.

Fig. 1

The construction map and gene sequence of rv2190c DNA. Black letters are the rv2190c gene sequence. The bold and underline letters are the site of restrictive enzymes Nhe I and EcoR I. The double underline letters are the optimized gene sequence

Immunogenicity of rv2190c DNA vaccine

Fifty female BALB/c mice were divided into 5 groups as follow: (1) saline as a negative control (100 μl); (2) vector pVAX1 as a negative control (100 μg in 100 μl saline); (3) M. vaccae (22.5 μg in 100 μl saline, Longcome Biological Pharmacy, Anhui, China) as a positive control; (4) ag85a DNA (100 μg in 100 μl saline), as a positive control; (5) rv2190c DNA (100 μg in 100 μl saline), immunized intramuscularly three times at two-week intervals.

Cytokine production in vitro

The mice were sacrificed at three weeks after the third immunization. The mouse splenocytes were isolated and cultured (5 × 10⁵ cells/well) with Ag85A or Rv2190c protein (20 μg/ml) or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA; 20 μg/ml) for 72 h. The levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 in the splenocytes culture supernatants were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (BD PharMingen, San Diego, California, USA) according to the manufacturer’s procedures.

Determination of CD4⁺ T cell subsets expressing intracellular IFN-γ or IL-4

The operation procedure was described previously [20]. Briefly, Th1 and Th2 cells responding to Ag85A or Rv2190c proteins were calculated. Cells expressing IFN-γ and IL-4 were presented as a percentage of the total population of CD3⁺ cells. The data were collected using a fluorescence-activated-cell-sorting (FACS) Calibur flow cytometer (BD Pharmingen) and analyzed using CellQuest software.

Treatment of TB-infected mice

Fifty mice were challenged with 6.4 × 10⁵ colony-forming units (CFUs) of MTB H₃₇Rv through trail vein injection, randomly divided into five groups mentioned above, and then treated at the third day after infection.

Bacterium counts

The mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation under anesthetic with 5 ml dethyl ether (Beijing Chemical Reagents Company, Beijing, China) at two weeks after the third immunization. The tissue suspensions of mouse lungs and spleens were serially diluted 10-fold, and 100 μL suspension dilution were inoculated in duplicate on Lowenstein-Jensen medium plates and cultured at 37 °C for 4 weeks. MTB colonies on medium were counted and the results were showed as CFUs per organ.

Lung histopathological examination

The mouse lungs tissues paraffin-embedded were sliced into 3-μm thick tissue sections, which were dyed with hematoxylin and eosin, and then examined by a certified and veteran pathologist.

Statistical analyses

Data are shown as means and standard deviations. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test, and a P-value of < 0.05 was considered as significant difference.

Results

Preparations of rv 2190c DNA and recombinant Rv2190c protein

The nucleotide sequence in pVAX1-rv2190c plasmid had 100% identity with MTB rv2190c sequence as designed and the fragment size from restriction-enzyme-digested recombinant plasmid pVAX1-rv2190c was 1.177 kb on 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis, and that confirmed the successful construction (Additional file 1: Figure S1).

The recombinant Rv2190c protein was soluble in expression and amounted to 30% of total bacterial protein. The molecular mass of the purified Rv2190c protein was around 42 kDa by SDS-PAGE, its purity was higher than 90% (Additional file 2: Figure S2).

Specific cytokine production levels in splenic lymphocyte culture supernatants

The IFN-γ level in splenic lymphocyte culture supernatants in the rv2190c DNA group was obviously higher than those in the saline, plasmid vector and M. vaccae groups (P < 0.05), but had no significant difference from that in the ag85a DNA group. The production of IL-4 was not significantly different between groups (Fig.2, Additional file 3).

Fig. 2

IFN-γ (a) and IL-4 (b) levels in the culture supernatants of splenocytes were detected by ELISA. The production of IFN-γ from rv2190c DNA group was significantly higher than from the saline group, vector group and M. vaccae group (P < 0.05), but the production of IL-4 was not significantly different between the groups

CD4⁺ T cell subsets expressing intracellular IFN-γ or IL-4

The proportion of CD4+ T cells expressing IFN-γ (Th1) in response to Ag85A or Rv2190c proteins was significantly higher in the whole blood from the rv2190c DNA group than those from the saline group and vector group by flow cytometry (P < 0.001), but there was no significant difference from the M. vaccae group or ag85a DNA group. The proportion of cells expressing IL-4 (Th2) was significantly higher in the blood from the rv2190c DNA group than those from the control groups (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference from the M. vaccae group or ag85a DNA group. Th1/Th2 ratio in the blood from the rv2190c DNA group was significantly decreased than that in the ag85a DNA group, and increased than those in the saline, vector and M. vaccae groups, but the differences were not significant (Fig. 3, Additional file 3).

Fig. 3

Frequencies of CD4+ T cell subsets in whole blood assessed by flow cytometry. The data are expressed as the mean % ± standard deviation. a Th1 cells expressing IFN-γ (IFN-γ-FITC); b Th2 cells expressing IL-4 (IL-4-PE); c The ratio of Th1/Th2 cell frequencies

Mouse survival

There was one mouse death in vector group, one in M. vaccae group and one in rv2190c DNA group at 29 days after infection (90% survival). The other mice were all alive.

Bacterial counts in the lungs and spleens

The live bacteria in mouse lungs and spleens were determined at two weeks after third of immunotherapy. The lung CFUs from saline, vector, M. vaccae, ag85a DNA and rv2190c DNA groups were 7.334 ± 0.180, 7.233 ± 0.102, 7.081 ± 0.369, 6.801 ± 0.407 and 7.051 ± 0.154 log₁₀, respectively (Fig.4a, Additional file 3), and the spleen CFUs were 6.919 ± 0.117, 6.808 ± 0.067, 6.652 ± 0.345, 6.494 ± 0.211 and 6.598 ± 0.143 log_10, respectively (Fig.4b, Additional file 3). Compared with saline group, rv2190c DNA and ag85a DNA decreased the lung CFUs by 0.283 (P > 0.05) and 0.533 log₁₀ (P < 0.05) and the spleen CFUs by 0.321 and 0.425 log₁₀ (P < 0.05), respectively.

Fig. 4

The numbers of live bacteria in lungs (a) and spleens (b) at six weeks after infection. Compared with the saline group, rv2190c DNA and ag85a DNA reduced the pulmonary bacterial loads by 0.283 (P > 0.05) and 0.533 logs (P < 0.05) and the splenic bacterial loads by 0.321 (P < 0.05) and 0.425 logs (P < 0.05), respectively

Histopathological changes

The lung sections from the saline group and plasmid vector group showed extensive lung lesions, in which hyperemia and congestion in alveoli with many lymphocytes and destructive structure caused by severe inflammation. The lung sections from treatment groups showed more foamy macrophages but less lymphocyte infiltration, the alveoli were relatively clear and had normal structure. Representative histopathological changes of five groups were shown in Fig.5.

Fig. 5

Pulmonary histopathological changes. This figure shows representative photomicrographs (H&E, 100×) of lung tissue obtained from mice each group at six weeks after infection with MTB H37Rv. a Saline group. b Vector group. c M. vaccae group. d ag85a DNA group. e rv2190c DNA group

Discussion

In this study, a DNA sequence encoding MTB Rv2190c protein was inserted into plasmid vectors pET30a and pVAX1, thereby recombinant Rv2190c protein and rv2190c DNA vaccine were prepared and subsequently used to compare the therapeutic effects of rv2190c DNA with those of ag85a DNA as vaccines against TB in mice.

The cellular immune responses to rv2190c DNA were measured as increase in frequency of circulating T cells that produced either IFN-γ or IL-4 in response to cognate vaccine antigen since these cytokines are markers of protective Th1 responses and non-protective Th2 responses respectively. A balance between Th1 and Th2 in which Th1 predominates is essential for the control of TB and mycobacterial infection in mice and human [2, 4]. In this study, the significantly increased IFN-γ level in the spleen lymphocyte culture supernatant, the abundance of Th1 cells and elevatory ratios of Th1 /Th2 cells in antigen-specifically stimulated whole blood from the rv2190c DNA group were all similar to the results obtained in the ag85a DNA group. Thus both vaccines induced a predominantly Th1 immune response [5, 12–14]. This finding was consistent with evidence from McMurry et al. [16] showing that Rv2190c peptide can induce IFN-γ production in cells from persons with latent TB infection, and indicated a potential utility of Rv2190c antigen in therapeutic vaccination.

When used to treat infected mice, rv2190c DNA vaccine did indeed reduce the numbers of live bacteria found in the organs sampled after 6 weeks of treatment when compared to control mice. However, the reduction in lung bacterial load was small, not statistically significant, and less than that obtained after ag85a DNA treatment. In contrast, the reduction of load in the spleen was significant, but again less than that observed after ag85a DNA treatment. Apparently, although the rv2190c protein enhanced antibacterial immunity it was in this respect a less effective vaccine antigen than the Ag85A protein. Nevertheless, in a practical therapeutic vaccine for human use, more than one antigen is likely to be required and Rv2190c is clearly a candidate for inclusion. The greater effects in spleen than in lung suggest that the DNA vaccines were more active against bacteria in extra-pulmonary sites than in the lung, but whether this was due to differential effects on bacterial dissemination, growth inhibition or killing was not investigated. Although organ bacterial load is one of the important indicators to evaluate curative effects on animal TB experiments [21], evaluation of the impact upon pathology is also essential. Strikingly, the lesions in the lungs of rv2190c DNA and ag85a DNA vaccinated groups were similarly lessened, suggesting that rv2190c DNA and ag85a DNA provided similarly efficient immunotherapy for TB disease in this model.

Conclusions

We successfully constructed a MTB rv2190c DNA vaccine that could induce Th1-type cellular immune reactions in mice and had some immunotherapeutic effects on tuberculosis in mice. It may have potential for use in an immunotherapeutic DNA vaccine against TB.