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  1. In celiac disease gluten, the disease-inducing toxic component in wheat, induces the secretion of autoantibodies which are targeted against transglutaminase 2 (TG2). These autoantibodies are produced in the sm...

    Authors: Satumarja M Stenman, Katri Lindfors, Ilma R Korponay-Szabo, Olli Lohi, Päivi Saavalainen, Jukka Partanen, Katri Haimila, Herbert Wieser, Markku Mäki and Katri Kaukinen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:6
  2. As part of a National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases funded collaborative project, we have performed over 150 microarray experiments measuring the response of C57/BL6 mouse bone marrow macrophage...

    Authors: Martin Korb, Alistair G Rust, Vesteinn Thorsson, Christophe Battail, Bin Li, Daehee Hwang, Kathleen A Kennedy, Jared C Roach, Carrie M Rosenberger, Mark Gilchrist, Daniel Zak, Carrie Johnson, Bruz Marzolf, Alan Aderem, Ilya Shmulevich and Hamid Bolouri
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:7
  3. Protein antigens and their specific epitopes are formulation targets for epitope-based vaccines. A number of prediction servers are available for identification of peptides that bind major histocompatibility c...

    Authors: Hong Huang Lin, Surajit Ray, Songsak Tongchusak, Ellis L Reinherz and Vladimir Brusic
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:8
  4. Single-cell assays of immune function are increasingly used to monitor T cell responses in immunotherapy clinical trials. Standardization and validation of such assays are therefore important to interpretation...

    Authors: Holden T Maecker, Jeffrey Hassler, Janice K Payne, Amanda Summers, Karrie Comatas, Manar Ghanayem, Michael A Morse, Timothy M Clay, Herbert K Lyerly, Sonny Bhatia, Smita A Ghanekar, Vernon C Maino, Corazon delaRosa and Mary L Disis
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:9
  5. Dendritic cells (DC) play the key role in directing antigen-specific immune responses and manipulating their function may be a useful tool for immunotherapy. The balance between immune stimulation and toleranc...

    Authors: Marta E Polak, Nicola J Borthwick, Francis G Gabriel, Martine J Jager and Ian A Cree
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:10
  6. Intestinal mucus production by hyperplasic goblet cells is a striking pathological feature of many parasitic helminth infections and is related to intestinal protection and worm expulsion. Induction of goblet ...

    Authors: Reece G Marillier, Chesney Michels, Elizabeth M Smith, Lizette CE Fick, Mosiuoa Leeto, Benjamin Dewals, William GC Horsnell and Frank Brombacher
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:11
  7. Sand fly saliva contains potent and complex pharmacologic molecules that are able to modulate the host's hemostatic, inflammatory, and immune systems. In this study, we evaluated the effects of salivary gland ...

    Authors: Maria José Menezes, Dirceu J Costa, Jorge Clarêncio, José Carlos Miranda, Aldina Barral, Manoel Barral-Netto, Cláudia Brodskyn and Camila I de Oliveira
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:12
  8. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has shown promising results as a cytokine adjuvant for antiviral vaccines and in various models of tumor gene therapy. To explore whether the targeting...

    Authors: Matthias Tenbusch, Seraphin Kuate, Bettina Tippler, Nicole Gerlach, Simone Schimmer, Ulf Dittmer and Klaus Überla
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:13
  9. Human neutrophils are key players of innate immunity, and influence inflammatory and immune reactions through the production of numerous cytokines and chemokines. Despite major advances in our understanding of...

    Authors: Thornin Ear and Patrick P McDonald
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:14
  10. Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is a highly attenuated strain of vaccinia virus (VV) that has lost approximately 15% of the VV genome, along with the ability to replicate in most mammalian cells. It has demonst...

    Authors: Luzheng Liu, Rahul Chavan and Mark B Feinberg
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:15
  11. We have recently demonstrated that all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9-cis-retinoic acid (9-cis RA) promote IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 synthesis, while decreasing IFN-γ and TNF-α expression by activated human T cells ...

    Authors: Harry D Dawson, Gary Collins, Robert Pyle, Michael Key and Dennis D Taub
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:16
  12. Besides few data concerning the antiseptic properties against a range of microbial agents and the anti-inflammatory potential both in vitro and in vivo, little is known about the influence of Eucalyptus oil (E O)...

    Authors: Annalucia Serafino, Paola Sinibaldi Vallebona, Federica Andreola, Manuela Zonfrillo, Luana Mercuri, Memmo Federici, Guido Rasi, Enrico Garaci and Pasquale Pierimarchi
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:17
  13. In rural Gambia, birth season predicts infection-related adult mortality, providing evidence that seasonal factors in early life may programme immune development. This study tested whether lymphocyte subpopula...

    Authors: Andrew C Collinson, Pa Tamba Ngom, Sophie E Moore, Gareth Morgan and Andrew M Prentice
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:18
  14. Recent attempts to diminish nickel use in most industrial products have led to an increasing utilization of alternative metal compounds for destinations such as the alloys used in orthopaedics, jewellery and d...

    Authors: Valentina Bordignon, Francesca Palamara, Paola Cordiali-Fei, Antonella Vento, Arianna Aiello, Mauro Picardo, Fabrizio Ensoli and Antonio Cristaudo
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:19
  15. Basic helix-loop-helix E proteins are transcription factors that play crucial roles in T cell development by controlling thymocyte proliferation, differentiation and survival. E protein functions can be repres...

    Authors: Yuanzheng Yang, Hong-Cheng Wang and Xiao-Hong Sun
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:20
  16. The gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis is an important causative agent of pertussis, an infectious disease of the respiratory tract. After introduction of whole-cell vaccines (wP) in the 1950's, pertuss...

    Authors: Sander Banus, Rachel M Stenger, Eric R Gremmer, Jan AMA Dormans, Frits R Mooi, Tjeerd G Kimman and Rob J Vandebriel
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:21
  17. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal B-cell disorder with many immunological disturbances. The aim of this work was to assess whether some of food antigens contribute to the imbalance of immune response by screen...

    Authors: Zorica Juranic, Jelena Radic, Aleksandra Konic-Ristic, Svetislav Jelic, Biljana Mihaljevic, Ivan Stankovic, Suzana Matkovic, Irina Besu and Dušica Gavrilović
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:22
  18. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) serve a sentinel role allowing the host to efficiently sense and adapt to the presence of danger signals. Herein we have directly compared the genome-level expression ...

    Authors: Hector R Wong, Kelli Odoms and Bhuvaneswari Sakthivel
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:24
  19. The role of Mycobacteria in the etiology of Crohn's disease (CD) has been a contentious subject for many years. Recently, our laboratory showed that spontaneous colitis in IL-10-/- mice is driven in part by antig...

    Authors: Udai P Singh, Rajesh Singh, Shailesh Singh, Russell K Karls, Frederick D Quinn, Dennis D Taub and James W Lillard Jr
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:25
  20. Activation of integrins in response to inside-out signaling serves as a basis for leukocyte arrest on endothelium, and migration of immune cells. Integrin-dependent adhesion is controlled by the conformational...

    Authors: Alexandre Chigaev, Anna Waller, Or Amit and Larry A Sklar
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:26
  21. Microbial colonization of the intestine after birth is an important step for the development of the gut immune system. The acquisition of passive immunity through breast-feeding may influence the pattern of ba...

    Authors: Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Cecilia A Dogi, Carolina Maldonado Galdeano, Esteban Carmuega, Ricardo Weill and Gabriela Perdigón
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:27
  22. Multiple immune evasion strategies by which HCV establishes chronic infection have been proposed, including manipulation of cytokine responses. Prior infection with HIV increases the likelihood of chronic HCV ...

    Authors: Lisa Barrett, Maureen Gallant, Constance Howley, M Ian Bowmer, Geri Hirsch, Kevork Peltekian and Michael Grant
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:28
  23. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an acquired autoimmune blistering disorder in which greater than 80% of active patients produce autoantibodies to the desmosomal protein desmogelin 3 (Dsg3). As the disease progresse...

    Authors: Joo Chuan Tong and Animesh A Sinha
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:30
  24. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) is a critical component of interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta and IFN-gamma signaling. Although seven isoforms of STAT proteins have been reported from mamma...

    Authors: Eun-Mi Park, Jung-Ha Kang, Jung Soo Seo, GunDo Kim, Jongkyeong Chung and Tae-Jin Choi
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:31
  25. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in initiating effective cell-mediated immune responses, but are dysfunctional and anergic in breast cancer. Reversal of this dysfunction and establishment of optimal D...

    Authors: Sukchai Satthaporn, Mark M Aloysius, Richard A Robins, Chandan Verma, Suebwong Chuthapisith, Alasdair J Mckechnie, Mohamad El-Sheemy, Wichai Vassanasiri, David Valerio, David Clark, Jibril A Jibril and Oleg Eremin
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:32
  26. The environmental factors that determine the elevated levels of polyclonal IgE observed in populations living in the Tropics are poorly understood but may include geohelminth infections. We investigated the as...

    Authors: Philip J Cooper, Neal Alexander, Ana-Lucia Moncayo, Susana M Benitez, Martha E Chico, Maritza G Vaca and George E Griffin
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:33
  27. Wegener's Granulomatosis and Microscopic Polyangiitis are life-threatening systemic necrotizing vasculitides of unknown aetiology. The appearance of circulating antibodies to neutrophil cytoplasmic antigens (A...

    Authors: Plinio R Hurtado, Lisa Jeffs, Jodie Nitschke, Mittal Patel, Ghafar Sarvestani, John Cassidy, Pravin Hissaria, David Gillis and Chen Au Peh
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:34
  28. We have previously reported that ATP treatment of M bovis-BCG infected human macrophages induces P2X7 receptor-dependent killing of intracellular mycobacteria. The mechanism mediating this bactericidal effect has...

    Authors: Debasis Biswas, Omar S Qureshi, Wing-Yiu Lee, Joanne E Croudace, Manuela Mura and David A Lammas
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:35
  29. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent inflammatory mediator that also stimulates the immune response. In addition, it promotes polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis, chemotaxis, chemokinesis and modulates cytokine...

    Authors: Roberto Nicolete, Cristina Rius, Laura Piqueras, Peter J Jose, Carlos A Sorgi, Edson G Soares, Maria J Sanz and Lúcia H Faccioli
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:36
  30. Enteric antimicrobial peptides secreted from Paneth cells, including α-defensins (in mice named cryptdins), are key effector molecules of innate immunity in the small intestine. The importance of Paneth cells ...

    Authors: Jenny Karlsson, Katrin Pütsep, Hiutung Chu, Robert J Kays, Charles L Bevins and Mats Andersson
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:37
  31. The greatest challenges in vaccine development include optimization of DNA vaccines for use in humans, creation of effective single-dose vaccines, development of delivery systems that do not involve live virus...

    Authors: Rogério S Rosada, Lucimara Gaziola de la Torre, Fabiani G Frantz, Ana PF Trombone, Carlos R Zárate-Bladés, Denise M Fonseca, Patrícia RM Souza, Izaíra T Brandão, Ana P Masson, Édson G Soares, Simone G Ramos, Lúcia H Faccioli, Célio L Silva, Maria HA Santana and Arlete AM Coelho-Castelo
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:38
  32. Human B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are the only cells known to express both TLR7 and TLR9. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are the primary IFN-α producing cells in response to TLR7 and TLR9 agon...

    Authors: John A Hanten, John P Vasilakos, Christie L Riter, Lori Neys, Kenneth E Lipson, Sefik S Alkan and Woubalem Birmachu
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:39
  33. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays a critical role in mediating inflammatory/immune responses against bacterial pathogens in lung. Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (N...

    Authors: Jae Hyang Lim, Unhwan Ha, Akihiro Sakai, Chang-Hoon Woo, Soo-Mi Kweon, Haidong Xu and Jian-Dong Li
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:40
  34. CD4+CD25high regulatory T (TReg) cells modulate antigen-specific T cell responses, and can suppress anti-viral immunity. In HTLV-1 infection, a selective decrease in the function of TReg cell mediated HTLV-1-tax ...

    Authors: Jakob Michaëlsson, Hugo Marcelo R Barbosa, Kimberley A Jordan, Joan M Chapman, Milena KC Brunialti, Walter Kleine Neto, Youko Nukui, Ester C Sabino, Marco Antonio Chieia, Acary Souza Bulle Oliveira, Douglas F Nixon and Esper G Kallas
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:41
  35. To evaluate the impact of the duration of chronic inflammation on gene expression in skeletal muscle biopsies (MBx) from untreated children with juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) and identify genes and biological...

    Authors: Yi-Wen Chen, Rongye Shi, Nicholas Geraci, Sheela Shrestha, Heather Gordish-Dressman and Lauren M Pachman
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:43
  36. The differentiation of naive T and B cells into memory lymphocytes is essential for immunity to pathogens. Therapeutic manipulation of this cellular differentiation program could improve vaccine efficacy and t...

    Authors: W Nicholas Haining, Jill Angelosanto, Kathleen Brosnahan, Kenneth Ross, Cynthia Hahn, Kate Russell, Linda Drury, Stephanie Norton, Lee Nadler and Kimberly Stegmaier
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:44
  37. Human mast cell (HuMC) maturation occurs in tissues interfacing with the external environment, exposing both mast cell progenitors and mature mast cells, to bacteria and their products. It is unknown, however,...

    Authors: Arnold S Kirshenbaum, Emily Swindle, Marianna Kulka, Yalin Wu and Dean D Metcalfe
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:45
  38. Melioidosis, a lethal tropical infection that is endemic in southeast Asia and northern Australia, is caused by the saprophytic Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Overall mortality approaches 40% ...

    Authors: T Eoin West, Robert K Ernst, Malinka J Jansson-Hutson and Shawn J Skerrett
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:46
  39. Interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing cells are increasingly considered to be the major pathogenic population in various autoimmune disorders. The effects of glucocorticoids, widely used as therapeutics for inflamm...

    Authors: Miljana Momčilović, Željka Miljković, Dušan Popadić, Miloš Marković, Emina Savić, Zorica Ramić, Djordje Miljković and Marija Mostarica-Stojković
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:47
  40. The lung is divided into two major compartments: the alveolar space and the parenchyma. The alveolar macrophages are the first line of leukocytes in the lung taking up incoming microbes or microbial antigens w...

    Authors: Kapilan Kugathasan, Elizabeth K Roediger, Cherrie-Lee Small, Sarah McCormick, Pingchang Yang and Zhou Xing
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:48
  41. Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) plays an important role in a number of chronic and acute inflammatory diseases. To understand the role of IL-1β in disease processes and develop an in vivo screening system for anti-inf...

    Authors: Limei Li, Zhaoliang Fei, Jianke Ren, Ruilin Sun, Zhihui Liu, Zhejin Sheng, Long Wang, Xia Sun, Jun Yu, Zhugang Wang and Jian Fei
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:49
  42. Amplification and cloning of naïve T cell Receptor (TR) repertoires or antigen-specific TR is crucial to shape immune response and to develop immuno-based therapies. TR variable (V) regions are encoded by seve...

    Authors: Ilenia Boria, Diego Cotella, Irma Dianzani, Claudio Santoro and Daniele Sblattero
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:50
  43. Type I diabetes (TID) is an autoimmune disease resulting from destruction of the insulin-producing β-cells by autoreactive T cells. Studies have shown that polymorphisms of chemokine CXCL12 gene are linked to ...

    Authors: Qibin Leng, Yuchun Nie, Yongrui Zou and Jianzhu Chen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:51
  44. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a human pathogenic bacteria and a major cause of severe invasive diseases, including pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis. Infections with S. pneumoniae evoke a strong inflammatory re...

    Authors: Trine H Mogensen, Randi S Berg, Lars Østergaard and Søren R Paludan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:52
  45. CD8+ regulatory T cells (Treg) have been considered to be involved in a model of ocular-induced tolerance, known as anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID). The phenotype and characteristics of CD8+T...

    Authors: Hao He, Peizeng Yang, Liqiong Jiang, Junfeng Zhang, Changlin Zhao, Lina Chen, Xiaomin Lin, Hongyan Zhou and Aize Kijlstra
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:53
  46. Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells capable of inducing innate and adaptive immune responses. According to the stimulus and their maturation state, DCs induce immunogenic or tolerogenic response...

    Authors: Hind Hamzeh-Cognasse, Fabrice Cognasse, Sabine Palle, Patricia Chavarin, Thomas Olivier, Olivier Delézay, Bruno Pozzetto and Olivier Garraud
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:54
  47. We performed initial cell, cytokine and complement depletion studies to investigate the possible role of these effectors in response to vaccination with heat-killed Burkholderia mallei in a susceptible BALB/c mou...

    Authors: Gregory C Whitlock, Roman A Lukaszewski, Barbara M Judy, Slobodan Paessler, Alfredo G Torres and D Mark Estes
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:55

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