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  1. Cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells (EC) propagate hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) expansion. However, the effects on the functional capacities of cultured progenitors have not been evaluated. HPC were a...

    Authors: Anja Moldenhauer, Gesche Genter, Andreas Lun, Gürkan Bal, Holger Kiesewetter and Abdulgabar Salama
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:56
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. The USDA, Wildlife Services cooperative oral rabies vaccination (ORV) program uses a live vaccinia virus-vectored (genus Orthopoxvirus) vaccine, Raboral V-RG® (V-RG), to vaccinate specific wildlife species agains...

    Authors: J Jeffrey Root, Robert G McLean, Dennis Slate, Kathleen A MacCarthy and Jorge E Osorio
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:57
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Transglutaminases (TGases) form a group of enzymes that have many different substrates and among the most well known are fibrin for Factor XIIIa and the clotting protein in crustaceans. We also found that TGas...

    Authors: Xionghui Lin, Kenneth Söderhäll and Irene Söderhäll
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:58
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. The statistical analysis of immunological data may be complicated because precise quantitative levels cannot always be determined. Values below a given detection limit may not be observed (nondetects), and data w...

    Authors: Hae-Won Uh, Franca C Hartgers, Maria Yazdanbakhsh and Jeanine J Houwing-Duistermaat
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:59
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  5. Bv8, prokineticin-1, or endocrine gland-vascular endothelial growth factor, and prokineticin-2 are recently isolated peptide agonists of two G protein-coupled receptors, prokineticin receptor-1 (PROKR 1) and P...

    Authors: Silvia Franchi, Elisa Giannini, Donatella Lattuada, Roberta Lattanzi, Hui Tian, Pietro Melchiorri, Lucia Negri, Alberto E Panerai and Paola Sacerdote
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:60
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) are among the most common mammals in North America and are important reservoirs of several human pathogens, including Sin Nombre hantavirus (SNV). SNV can establish a life-long ...

    Authors: Tiffany Richens, Aparna D~N Palmer, Joseph Prescott and Tony Schountz
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:62
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Ion channels are involved in the control of membrane potential (ψ) in a variety of cells. The maintenance of ψ in human T lymphocytes is essential for T-cell activation and was suggested to depend mostly on th...

    Authors: Fernanda Mello de Queiroz, Cristiano G Ponte, Adriana Bonomo, Rosane Vianna-Jorge and Guilherme Suarez-Kurtz
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:63
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  9. IFN-γ is a multifunctional peptide with a potent immune defense function which is also known as a prototypic Th1 cytokine. While screening for genes differentially expressed by Th1 and Th2 cytokines, human thi...

    Authors: Seol-Hee Kim, Jiyoung Oh, Ja-Young Choi, Ji-Young Jang, Myoung-Wha Kang and Choong-Eun Lee
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:64
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Mammals are essentially born germ-free but the epithelial surfaces are promptly colonized by astounding numbers of bacteria soon after birth. The most extensive microbial community is harbored by the distal in...

    Authors: Tomas Hrncir, Renata Stepankova, Hana Kozakova, Tomas Hudcovic and Helena Tlaskalova-Hogenova
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:65
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. The ELR+CXC chemokines are multifunctional mediators that are mainly responsible for the recruitment of leucocytes to sites of inflammation and infection. Because of their high sequence identity with mammalian IL...

    Authors: Cai Zhonghua, Gao Chunpin, Zhang Yong, Xing Kezhi and Zhang Yaou
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:66
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Bacillus anthracis secretes several virulence factors targeting different host organs and cell types during inhalational anthrax infection. The bacterial expression of a key virulence factor, lethal toxin (LeTx) ...

    Authors: Christopher Bradburne, Myung-Chul Chung, Qin Zong, Karen Schlauch, Derong Liu, Taissia Popova, Anna Popova, Charles Bailey, Dan Soppet and Serguei Popov
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:67
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. There is increasing evidence to suggest an immunomodulation function both within the intestines and systemically upon consuming probiotic species. We recently isolated a novel LAB, Lactobacillus casei Zhang (LcZh...

    Authors: Tuo Ya, Qijin Zhang, Fuliang Chu, Justin Merritt, Menhe Bilige, Tiansong Sun, Ruiting Du and Heping Zhang
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:68
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. While dendritic cells (DCs) can induce tolerance in T cells, little is known about tolerance induction in DCs themselves. We have analysed tolerance induced in human in-vitro generated DCs by repeated stimulation...

    Authors: Valerie Albrecht, Thomas PJ Hofer, Brian Foxwell, Marion Frankenberger and Loems Ziegler-Heitbrock
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:69
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Pro-inflammatory cytokines can affect intracellular lipid metabolism. A variety of effects have been described for different cell types; hepatocyte lipid turnover pathways are inhibited during inflammation, wh...

    Authors: Jenny Persson, Jan Nilsson and Marie W Lindholm
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:70
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Human CD1d-restricted, invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) are a unique class of T lymphocytes that recognise glycolipid antigens such as α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer) and upon T cell receptor (TCR) activ...

    Authors: Joanne E Croudace, Stuart M Curbishley, Manuela Mura, Carrie R Willcox, Petr A Illarionov, Gurdyal S Besra, David H Adams and David A Lammas
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:71
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Chemokines immobilized on endothelial cells play a central role in the induced firm adhesion and transendothelial migration of leukocytes. Activation of platelets at sites of vascular injury is considered to s...

    Authors: Christian Weingart, Peter J Nelson, Bernhard K Krämer and Matthias Mack
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:72
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Asthma is a complicated network of inflammatory reactions. It is classified into mild, moderate, and severe persistent asthma. The success of asthma therapy relies much on understanding the underlying mechanis...

    Authors: AS Abdulamir, RR Hafidh, F Abubakar and KA Abbas
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:73
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. The functional immaturity of T cells contributes to the susceptibility of neonates to infections and the less severe graft-versus-host disease associated with cord blood (CB) transplantation. We have previousl...

    Authors: Helen KW Law, Wenwei Tu, Enmei Liu and Yu Lung Lau
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:74
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Interferon induced tetratricopeptide repeat protein 2 (IFIT-2, P54) belongs to the type I interferon response genes and is highly induced after stimulation with LPS. The biological function of this protein is ...

    Authors: Susanne Berchtold, Birgit Manncke, Juliane Klenk, Julia Geisel, Ingo B Autenrieth and Erwin Bohn
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2008 9:75
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Tumor-associated accrual of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the blood, lymphoid organs and tumor tissues may lead to perturbation of the arginine metabolism and impairment of the endogenous antitumo...

    Authors: Giusy Capuano, Nicolò Rigamonti, Matteo Grioni, Massimo Freschi and Matteo Bellone
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:1
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Human B lymphocytes can produce leukotriene B4 but the biological function of the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway in B cells is unclear. In order to better understand and define the role of 5-LO in B cells, we inve...

    Authors: Yilmaz Mahshid, Marcus-René Lisy, Xiao Wang, Rainer Spanbroek, Jenny Flygare, Birger Christensson, Magnus Björkholm, Birgitta Sander, Andreas JR Habenicht and Hans-Erik Claesson
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Normal mammary gland contains an extravascular population of B lymphoblasts, precursors of the immunoglobulin plasma cells that play a key role in the passive protection of neonates by secreting immunoglobulin...

    Authors: Berardo de Jesus Rodriguez, Claire Chevaleyre, Gwénaële Henry, Daniel Mollé, Isabelle Virlogeux-Payant, Mustapha Berri, François Boulay, Joëlle Léonil, François Meurens and Henri Salmon
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:4
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells play an essential role in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity. Therefore, defects in Treg development, maintenance or function have been associated with several...

    Authors: Marta Barreto, Ricardo C Ferreira, Lara Lourenço, Maria F Moraes-Fontes, Eugénia Santos, Miguel Alves, Cláudia Carvalho, Berta Martins, Rita Andreia, João F Viana, Carlos Vasconcelos, Luísa Mota-Vieira, Carlos Ferreira, Jocelyne Demengeot and Astrid M Vicente
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:5
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. OK-432, penicillin-killed Streptococcus pyogenes, is used in treating lymphangiomas and carcinomas. We have studied in vitro the role of mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs), including purified monocytes (MOs), in the i...

    Authors: Carla Olsnes, Helen Stavang, Karl Brokstad, Jan Olofsson and Hans J Aarstad
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:6
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Enprocal is a high-protein micro-nutrient rich formulated supplementary food designed to meet the nutritional needs of the frail elderly and be delivered to them in every day foods. We studied the potential of...

    Authors: Jagat R Kanwar and Rupinder K Kanwar
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:7
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Zebrafish may prove to be one of the best vertebrate models for innate immunology. These fish have sophisticated immune components, yet rely heavily on innate immune mechanisms. Thus, the development and chara...

    Authors: Lora Petrie-Hanson, Claudia Hohn and Larry Hanson
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:8
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Recognition of pathogens by dendritic cells (DCs) through interaction with pattern recognition receptors, including Toll like receptors (TLR), is crucial for the initiation of appropriate polarized T helper (T...

    Authors: Elly van Riet, Bart Everts, Kim Retra, Marion Phylipsen, Jaap J van Hellemond, Aloysius GM Tielens, Desiree van der Kleij, Franca C Hartgers and Maria Yazdanbakhsh
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:9
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Viral infection and neoplastic transformation trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Thus, a large proportion of the cells that must be recognized by the immune system are stressed cells. Cells respond to ...

    Authors: Diana P Granados, Pierre-Luc Tanguay, Marie-Pierre Hardy, Étienne Caron, Danielle de Verteuil, Sylvain Meloche and Claude Perreault
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:10
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Immunosuppression by gliomas contributes to tumor progression and treatment resistance. It is not known when immunosuppression occurs during tumor development but it likely involves cross-talk among tumor cell...

    Authors: Benjamin C Kennedy, Lisa M Maier, Randy D'Amico, Christopher E Mandigo, Elizabeth J Fontana, Allen Waziri, Marcela C Assanah, Peter Canoll, Richard CE Anderson, David E Anderson and Jeffrey N Bruce
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:11
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Consumption of edible mushrooms has been suggested to improve health. A number of isolated mushroom constituents have been shown to modulate immunity. Five commonly consumed edible mushrooms were tested to det...

    Authors: Sanhong Yu, Veronika Weaver, Keith Martin and Margherita T Cantorna
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:12
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. The Chemotaxis inhibitory protein of Staphylococcus aureus (CHIPS) blocks the Complement fragment C5a receptor (C5aR) and formylated peptide receptor (FPR) and is thereby a potent inhibitor of neutrophil chemotax...

    Authors: Erika Gustafsson, Pieter-Jan Haas, Björn Walse, Marcel Hijnen, Christina Furebring, Mats Ohlin, Jos AG van Strijp and Kok PM van Kessel
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:13
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. We have shown previously that acute infection with the respiratory pathogen, pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), results in local production of the proinflammatory chemokine, CCL3, and that neutrophil recruitment i...

    Authors: Cynthia A Bonville, Caroline M Percopo, Kimberly D Dyer, Jiliang Gao, Calman Prussin, Barbara Foster, Helene F Rosenberg and Joseph B Domachowske
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:14
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Expressed in embryonic development, matrix metalloprotein-9 (MMP-9) is absent in most of developed adult tissues, but recurs in inflammation during tissue injury, wound healing, tumor formation and metastasis....

    Authors: Ling Zhou, Chunli Yan, Roben G Gieling, Yujiro Kida, Warren Garner, Wei Li and Yuan-Ping Han
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:15
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. In certain cases, anti-idiotypic antibodies that recognize an antigen-combining site of an antibody can mimic the structure and/or function of certain nominal antigens. This feature makes them particularly use...

    Authors: Anja Colja Venturini, Maja Bresjanac, Tanja Vranac, Simon Koren, Mojca Narat, Mara Popović and Vladka Čurin Šerbec
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:16
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Monocytes and macrophages play essential role in innate immunity. Understanding the underlying mechanism of macrophage differentiation and the identification of regulatory mechanisms will help to find new stra...

    Authors: Young-Sook Baek, Stefan Haas, Holger Hackstein, Gregor Bein, Maria Hernandez-Santana, Hans Lehrach, Sascha Sauer and Harald Seitz
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:18
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Current literature suggests that dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV; CD26) plays an essential role in T-dependent immune responses, a role that could have important clinical consequences. To rigorously define the...

    Authors: Kalpit A Vora, Gene Porter, Roche Peng, Yan Cui, Kellyann Pryor, George Eiermann and Dennis M Zaller
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:19
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp) is a category B biothreat organism that causes a potentially fatal disease in humans and animals, namely melioidosis. Burkholderia thailandensis (Bt) is another naturally occurring ...

    Authors: Jaruek Charoensap, Pongsak Utaisincharoen, Anneke Engering and Stitaya Sirisinha
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:20
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. The assortment of cattle immunoglobulin and surrogate light chain genes has been extracted from the version 3.1 of Bos taurus genome sequence as a part of an international effort to sequence and annotate the bovi...

    Authors: Anna Ekman, Mikael Niku, Jenni Liljavirta and Antti Iivanainen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:22
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. CTLA-4 functions primarily as an inhibitor of T cell activation. There are several candidate explanations as to how CTLA-4 modulates T cell responses, but the exact mechanism remains undefined. The tail of CTL...

    Authors: Wendy A Teft, Thu A Chau and Joaquín Madrenas
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:23
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Extensive allelic matching in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes is regarded as a prerequisite for good clinical success of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Also other genetic f...

    Authors: Jyrki Sivula, Hannu Turpeinen, Liisa Volin and Jukka Partanen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:24
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Respiratory burst function resulting in the release of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide anion (O2-) from neutrophils is one of the key mechanisms of the innate immune system, and maladaptive control of ...

    Authors: John-Paul Tung, John F Fraser, Peter Wood and Yoke Lin Fung
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:25
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. The obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Coxiella burnetii causes the zoonosis Q fever. The intracellular niche of C. burnetii has led to the assumption that cell-mediated immunity is the most important immu...

    Authors: Jeffrey G Shannon, Diane C Cockrell, Kazue Takahashi, Gregory L Stahl and Robert A Heinzen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:26
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. TCR and CXCR4-mediated signaling appears to be reciprocally regulated pathways. TCR activation dampens the chemotactic response towards the CXCR4 ligand CXCL12, while T cells exposed to CXCL12 are less prone t...

    Authors: Jacob Ngai, Marit Inngjerdingen, Torunn Berge and Kjetil Taskén
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:27
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. The mammalian target of rapamycin protein (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved kinase that regulates protein synthesis, cell cycle progression and proliferation in response to various environmental cues. As a...

    Authors: Boris Shor, Druie Cavender and Crafford Harris
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:28
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Diabetes is characterized by progressive failure of insulin producing beta cells. It is well known that both saturated fatty acids and various products of immune cells can contribute to the reduction of beta c...

    Authors: Tamara Cvjetićanin, Ivana Stojanović, Gordana Timotijević, Stanislava Stošić-Grujičić and Djordje Miljković
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:29
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Human tonsils are a rich source of B lymphocytes exhibiting a variety of phenotypes and activation states. Existing methods of purification are time consuming or costly. The aim of the present study was to opt...

    Authors: Jonathan Zuccolo, Tammy L Unruh and Julie P Deans
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:30
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

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