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  1. Host genetics influence the outcome of HCV disease. HCV is also highly mutable and escapes host immunity. HCV genotypes are geographically distributed and HCV subtypes have been shown to have distinct repertoi...

    Authors: Nishi Prabdial-Sing, Adrian J Puren and Sheila M Bowyer
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:67
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. The local tissue microenvironment plays an important role in the induction, homing, maintenance and development of effector functions of T cells. Thus, site-specific differences in phenotypes of mucosal and sy...

    Authors: Joyce A Ibana, Leann Myers, Constance Porretta, Maria Lewis, Stephanie N Taylor, David H Martin and Alison J Quayle
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:66
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Protective responses in mice immunized with an interferon-gamma producing strain of Cryptococcus neoformans, H99γ, are associated with IL-17A production by neutrophils. Neutrophil depletion in H99γ-immunized mice...

    Authors: Karen L Wozniak, Jay K Kolls and Floyd L Wormley Jr
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:65
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. The P2X 7 receptor plays an important role in cytokine release during the inflammatory response in vivo. Polymorphisms within the P2X 7 ...

    Authors: Anke Wesselius, Martijn JL Bours, Ilja CW Arts, Esther HE Theunisz, Piet Geusens and Pieter C Dagnelie
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:64
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. The immunological roles of B-cells are being revealed as increasingly complex by functions that are largely beyond their commitment to differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies, the key molecular ...

    Authors: Olivier Garraud, Gwenoline Borhis, Gamal Badr, Séverine Degrelle, Bruno Pozzetto, Fabrice Cognasse and Yolande Richard
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:63
    Content type: Review Published on:

  6. Elevation of soluble major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A (sMICA) products in serum has been linked to tissue/organ transplantation, autoimmune diseases and some malignant disorders. C...

    Authors: Xiaoxin Jiang, Ju-Fang Huang, Zhi Huo, Qiuqui Zhang, Yan Jiang, Xiaoping Wu, Yanwen Li, Guanmin Jiang, Leping Zeng, Xiao-Xin Yan, Ping Yu and Renxian Cao
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:62
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an ancient group of defense molecules. AMPs are widely distributed in nature (being present in mammals, birds, amphibians, insects, plants, and microorganisms). They display b...

    Authors: Rosanna Capparelli, Francesco De Chiara, Nunzia Nocerino, Rosa Chiara Montella, Marco Iannaccone, Andrea Fulgione, Alessandra Romanelli, Concetta Avitabile, Giuseppe Blaiotta and Federico Capuano
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:61
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Engineered zinc-finger nucleases (ZFN) represented an innovative method for the genome manipulation in vertebrates. ZFN introduced targeted DNA double strand breaks (DSB) and initiated non-homologous end joini...

    Authors: Nils-Holger Zschemisch, Silke Glage, Dirk Wedekind, Edward J Weinstein, Xiaoxia Cui, Martina Dorsch and Hans-Jürgen Hedrich
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:60
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Although plasmid DNA encoding an antigen from pathogens or tumor cells has been widely studied as vaccine, the use of plasmid vector (without insert) as therapeutic agent requires further investigation.

    Authors: Thiago Malardo, Marcelo E Batalhão, Ademilson Panunto-Castelo, Luciana P Almeida, Everton Padilha, Isabela C Fontoura, Célio L Silva, Evelin C Carnio and Arlete AM Coelho-Castelo
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:59
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) are characterized by ectopic expression of self-antigens during the establishment of central tolerance. The autoimmune regulator (Aire), which is specifically expresse...

    Authors: Guoying Wu, Keiji Hirabayashi, Shinya Sato, Nobuko Akiyama, Taishin Akiyama, Kunio Shiota and Shintaro Yagi
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:58
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Alveolar macrophages are one of the first lines of defence against invading pathogens and play a central role in modulating both the innate and acquired immune systems. By responding to endogenous stimuli with...

    Authors: Paul J Groot-Kormelink, Lindsay Fawcett, Paul D Wright, Martin Gosling and Toby C Kent
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:57
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Chemokines and their receptors play a role in the innate immune response as well as in the disruption of the balance between pro-inflammatory Th17 cells and regulatory T cells (Treg), underlying the pathogenes...

    Authors: Hernan G Martinez, Marlon P Quinones, Fabio Jimenez, Carlos Estrada, Kassandra M Clark, Kazuo Suzuki, Noriko Miura, Naohito Ohno, Sunil K Ahuja and Seema S Ahuja
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:56
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Based on binding of invariant chain (Ii) to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules to form complexes, Ii-segment hybrids, Ii-key structure linking an epitope, or Ii class II-associated invar...

    Authors: Fangfang Chen, Fantao Meng, Ling Pan, Fazhi Xu, Xuelan Liu and Weiyi Yu
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:55
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Despite the development of various systems to generate live recombinant Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine strains, little work has been performed to systematically evaluate and compare their relative immunogenicity....

    Authors: Song-yue Zheng, Bin Yu, Ke Zhang, Min Chen, Yan-Hong Hua, Shuofeng Yuan, Rory M Watt, Bo-Jian Zheng, Kwok-Yung Yuen and Jian-Dong Huang
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:54
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Some studies have shown that probiotics, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505, had the potential to beneficially modulate the outcome of certain bacterial and viral respiratory infections. However, these stu...

    Authors: Julio Villena, Eriko Chiba, Yohsuke Tomosada, Susana Salva, Gabriela Marranzino, Haruki Kitazawa and Susana Alvarez
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:53
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV. The T cell epitopes of the SARS CoV spike protein are well known, but no systematic evaluati...

    Authors: Jun Huang, Yingnan Cao, Xianzhang Bu and Changyou Wu
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:50
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Influenza infection may be more serious in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, therefore, vaccination against seasonal and pandemic strains is highly advised. Seasonal influenza vaccines h...

    Authors: Deborah Kelly, Kimberley Burt, Bayan Missaghi, Lisa Barrett, Yoav Keynan, Keith Fowke and Michael Grant
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:49
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV, a multifunctional serine protease, is implicated in regulation of malignant transformation, promotion and further progression of cancer, exerting tumor-suppressing or even completely o...

    Authors: Ivana Z Matić, Marija Đorđić, Nađa Grozdanić, Ana Damjanović, Branka Kolundžija, Aleksandra Erić-Nikolić, Radan Džodić, Miomir Šašić, Srđan Nikolić, Danijela Dobrosavljević, Sanvila Rašković, Slađana Andrejević, Dušica Gavrilović, Oscar J Cordero and Zorica D Juranić
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:48
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. IFNγ-producing CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ PBL represent a subtype of iTreg that are associated with good long-term graft outcome in renal transplant recipients and suppress alloresponses in-vitro. To study the mechanism of ...

    Authors: Volker Daniel, Mahmoud Sadeghi, Haihao Wang and Gerhard Opelz
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:47
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. The role of IL-7 and pre-TCR signaling during T cell development has been well characterized in murine but not in human system. We and others have reported that human BM hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) d...

    Authors: Ekta S Patel, Starlyn Okada, Kevin Hachey, Li-jun Yang, Scott K Durum, Jan S Moreb and Lung-Ji Chang
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:46
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Allergic skin inflammation such as atopic dermatitis (AD), which is characterized by pruritus and inflammation, is regulated partly through the activity of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Tregs play key roles in t...

    Authors: Sang-Chul Han, Gyeoung-Jin Kang, Yeong-Jong Ko, Hee-Kyoung Kang, Sang-Wook Moon, Yong-Seok Ann and Eun-Sook Yoo
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:44
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Mugwort pollen allergens represent the main cause of pollinosis in late summer. The major allergen, Art v 1, contains only one single immunodominant, solely HLA-DR-restricted T cell epitope (Art v 125-36). The fr...

    Authors: Bernhard Knapp, Gottfried Fischer, Dries Van Hemelen, Ingrid Fae, Bernard Maillere, Christof Ebner, Wolfgang Schreiner, Barbara Bohle and Beatrice Jahn-Schmid
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:43
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. The development of ascites in cirrhotic patients generally heralds a deterioration in their clinical status. A differential gene expression profile between alcohol- and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cirrhosi...

    Authors: Ana Tapia-Abellán, María Martínez-Esparza, Antonio J Ruiz-Alcaraz, Trinidad Hernández-Caselles, Cristina Martínez-Pascual, Manuel Miras-López, José Such, Rubén Francés and Pilar García-Peñarrubia
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:42
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. As a member of the TNF superfamily, TRAIL could induce human tumor cell apoptosis through its cognate death receptors DR4 or DR5, which can induce formation of the death inducing signaling complex (DISC) and a...

    Authors: Chunxia Qiao, Meiyun Hu, Leiming Guo, Ming Lv, Zhou Lin, Jing Geng, Xiaoling Lang, Xinying Li, Yan Li, Yuanfang Ma, Jiannan Feng and Beifen Shen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:40
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Staphylococcus aureus is the major cause of hospital-acquired and community-acquired pneumonia. Host defense to S.aureus infection is largely mediated by the innate immune system. γδ T cells play an important rol...

    Authors: Ping Cheng, Tao Liu, Wei-Ying Zhou, Yuan Zhuang, Liu-sheng Peng, Jin-yu Zhang, Zhi-Nan Yin, Xu-hu Mao, Gang Guo, Yun Shi and Quan-ming Zou
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:38
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Immunological parameters are hard to measure. A well-known problem is the occurrence of values below the detection limit, the non-detects. Non-detects are a nuisance, because classical statistical analyses, li...

    Authors: Paul HC Eilers, Esther Röder, Huub FJ Savelkoul and Roy Gerth van Wijk
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:37
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  34. Antigen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) has been widely practiced in treating allergic diseases such as asthma. However, this therapy may induce a series of allergic adverse events during treatment. Peptide immun...

    Authors: Wen Su, Wenwei Zhong, Yanjie Zhang and Zhenwei Xia
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:34
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Anthrax lethal toxin (LT), produced by the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is a highly effective zinc dependent metalloprotease that cleaves the N-terminus of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases ...

    Authors: Kassidy M Chauncey, M Cecilia Lopez, Gurjit Sidhu, Sarah E Szarowicz, Henry V Baker, Conrad Quinn and Frederick S Southwick
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:33
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Continuous diabetes-associated complications are a major source of immune system exhaustion and an increased incidence of infection. Diabetes can cause poor circulation in the feet, increasing the likelihood o...

    Authors: Gamal Badr, Badr M Badr, Mohamed H Mahmoud, Mohamed Mohany, Danny M Rabah and Olivier Garraud
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:32
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Upon stimulation with different cytokines, macrophages can undergo classical or alternative activation to become M1 or M2 macrophages. Alternatively activated (or M2) macrophages are defined by their expressio...

    Authors: Dapeng Gong, Wei Shi, Sun-ju Yi, Hui Chen, John Groffen and Nora Heisterkamp
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:31
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are required for proper maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. Folate receptor 4 (FR4) is expressed at high levels in transforming growth factor-beta (TG...

    Authors: Yi Tian, Guoqiang Wu, Jun-Chao Xing, Jun Tang, Yi Zhang, Ze-Min Huang, Zheng-Cai Jia, Ren Zhao, Zhi-Qiang Tian, Shu-Feng Wang, Xiao-Ling Chen, Li Wang, Yu-Zhang Wu and Bing Ni
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:30
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. The ICOS-B7h costimulatory receptor-ligand pair is required for germinal center formation, the production of isotype-switched antibodies, and antibody affinity maturation in response to T cell-dependent antige...

    Authors: Kevin Larimore, Linda Liang, Sonia Bakkour and William C Sha
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:29
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Decoy receptor 3 (DcR3), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, is associated with anti-tumor immunity suppression. It is highly expressed in many tumors, and its expression can be ...

    Authors: Donghai Yang, Xin Fan, Ping Yin, Qiang Wen, Feng Yan, Sibo Yuan, Bin Liu, Guohong Zhuang and Zhongchen Liu
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:28
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) leading to acute kidney failure, is a condition linked to the production of primarily Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) by some E. coli serotypes. We have previously shown that Stx2 A subunit-s...

    Authors: Abhineet Sheoran, Kwang-il Jeong, Jean Mukherjee, Anthony Wiffin, Pradeep Singh and Saul Tzipori
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:27
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Ehrlichia chaffeens is is a bacterial pathogen that causes fatal human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) that mimic toxic shock-like syndrome. Murine studies indicate that over activation of cellular immunity followed...

    Authors: Nahed Ismail, David H Walker, Purnima Ghose and Yi-Wei Tang
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:26
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is an important failure mechanism of total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Here we examine whether the particular genetic variants can lead to increased susceptibility to PJI develop...

    Authors: Anna Stahelova, Frantisek Mrazek, Matej Smizansky, Martin Petrek and Jiri Gallo
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:25
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Considerable evidence supports the concept of active communication between the nervous and immune systems. One class of such communicators are the neuropeptides (NPs). Recent reports have highlighted the antim...

    Authors: Daria Augustyniak, Adam Jankowski, Paweł Mackiewicz, Agnieszka Skowyra, Jan Gutowicz and Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:24
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Activation signals can be negatively regulated by cell surface receptors bearing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). CD300a, an ITIM bearing type I transmembrane protein, is expressed on m...

    Authors: Karen E DeBell, Venkateswara R Simhadri, John L Mariano and Francisco Borrego
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:23
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. DC are among the first antigen presenting cells encountering bacteria at mucosal surfaces, and play an important role in maintenance of regular homeostasis in the intestine. Upon stimulation DC undergo activat...

    Authors: Anna-Maria Gerlach, Alexander Steimle, Lea Krampen, Alexandra Wittmann, Kerstin Gronbach, Julia Geisel, Ingo B Autenrieth and Julia-Stefanie Frick
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:22
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Dendritic cells (DCs) are part of the innate immune system with a key role in initiating and modulating T cell mediated immune responses. Coeliac disease is caused by inappropriate activation of such a respons...

    Authors: William J Dalleywater, David YS Chau and Amir M Ghaemmaghami
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:20
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. CD33 is a membrane receptor containing a lectin domain and a cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) that is able to inhibit cytokine production. CD33 is expressed by monocytes, and r...

    Authors: Yolanda Gonzalez, M Teresa Herrera, Gloria Soldevila, Lourdes Garcia-Garcia, Guadalupe Fabián, E Martha Pérez-Armendariz, Karen Bobadilla, Silvia Guzmán-Beltrán, Eduardo Sada and Martha Torres
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:19
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. The Smyth line (SL) of chicken is an excellent avian model for human autoimmune vitiligo. The etiology of vitiligo is complicated and far from clear. In order to better understand critical components leading t...

    Authors: Fengying Shi, Byung-Whi Kong, Joon Jin Song, Jeong Yoon Lee, Robert L Dienglewicz and Gisela F Erf
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2012 13:18
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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