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  1. The immune response to trauma has traditionally been modeled to consist of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) followed by the compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS). We investi...

    Authors: Kevin R Kasten, Holly S Goetzman, Maria R Reid, Alison M Rasper, Samuel G Adediran, Chad T Robinson, Cindy M Cave, Joseph S Solomkin, Alex B Lentsch, Jay A Johannigman and Charles C Caldwell
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:4
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Natural Killer (NK) cells are a crucial component of the host innate immune system with anti-viral and anti-cancer properties. However, the role of NK cells in West Nile virus (WNV) infection is controversial,...

    Authors: Mingjie Zhang, Sylvester Daniel, Yong Huang, Caren Chancey, Qingsheng Huang, Ying F Lei, Andriyan Grinev, Howard Mostowski, Maria Rios and Andrew Dayton
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:3
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. The first exposure to microorganisms at mucosal surfaces is critical for immune maturation and gut health. Facultative anaerobic bacteria are the first to colonise the infant gut, and the impact of these bacte...

    Authors: Louise H Zeuthen, Lisbeth N Fink, Stine B Metzdorff, Matilde B Kristensen, Tine R Licht, Christine Nellemann and Hanne Frøkiær
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. The adenosine/uridine-rich element (ARE)-binding protein AUF1 functions to regulate the inflammatory response through the targeted degradation of cytokine and other mRNAs that contain specific AREs in their 3'...

    Authors: Navid Sadri, Jin-Yu Lu, Michelle L Badura and Robert J Schneider
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:1
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Cysteinyl leukotrienes are potent inflammatory mediators implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. Human cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CYSLTR1) gene contains five exons that are variably spliced. Within its p...

    Authors: Milena Sokolowska, Karolina Wodz-Naskiewicz, Malgorzata Cieslak, Karolina Seta, Andrzej K Bednarek and Rafal Pawliczak
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:63
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Neurotransmitters are important regulators of the immune system, with very distinct and varying effects on different leukocyte subsets. So far little is known about the impact of signals mediated by neurotrans...

    Authors: Carina Strell, Anne Sievers, Philipp Bastian, Kerstin Lang, Bernd Niggemann, Kurt S Zänker and Frank Entschladen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:62
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Larvae of several common species of parasitic nematodes obligately migrate through, and often damage, host lungs. The larvae induce strong pulmonary Type 2 immune responses, including T-helper (Th)2 cells as w...

    Authors: Marieke A Hoeve, Katie J Mylonas, Karen J Fairlie-Clarke, Simmi M Mahajan, Judith E Allen and Andrea L Graham
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:60
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) can employ a cell contact- and granzyme B-dependent mechanism to mediate suppression of bystander T and B cells. Murine studies indicate that granzyme B is involved in the Treg-media...

    Authors: Olga V Efimova and Todd W Kelley
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:59
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. The objective was to define murine histologic alterations resembling asthma in a BALB/c OVA model and to suggest grading criteria. Identified were six salient histologic findings in lungs with putative allergi...

    Authors: Mitchell S Wachtel, Goutam Shome, Mhairi Sutherland and John J McGlone
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:58
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Selenium, a micronutrient whose deficiency in diet causes immune dysfunction and inflammatory disorders, is thought to exert its physiological effects mostly in the form of selenium-containing proteins (seleno...

    Authors: Bradley A Carlson, Min-Hyuk Yoo, Yasuyo Sano, Aniruddha Sengupta, Jin Young Kim, Robert Irons, Vadim N Gladyshev, Dolph L Hatfield and Jin Mo Park
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:57
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Leukocyte Ig-like receptors (LILR) are a family of innate immune receptors with immunomodulatory functions. High-level expression of the receptors LILRB2 (ILT4) and LILRB4 (ILT3) is a feature of tolerogenic an...

    Authors: Damien P Brown, Des C Jones, Katie J Anderson, Nicolas Lapaque, Robin A Buerki, John Trowsdale and Rachel L Allen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:56
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) secrete the chemokine CCL20 in response to infection by various enteropathogenic bacteria or exposure to bacterial flagellin. CCL20 recruits immature dendritic cells an...

    Authors: Shomik Sibartie, Ann M O'Hara, Jude Ryan, Áine Fanning, Jim O'Mahony, Shaun O'Neill, Barbara Sheil, Liam O'Mahony and Fergus Shanahan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:54
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Growing knowledge about cellular interactions in the immune system, including the central role of cytokine networks, has lead to new treatments using monoclonal antibodies that block specific components of the...

    Authors: Wilco de Jager, Katarzyna Bourcier, Ger T Rijkers, Berent J Prakken and Vicki Seyfert-Margolis
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:52
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. CTLA-4 was initially described as a membrane-bound molecule that inhibited lymphocyte activation by interacting with B7.1 and B7.2 molecules on antigen presenting cells. Alternative splicing of mRNA encoding t...

    Authors: Matt Tector, Bhupendra O Khatri, Karen Kozinski, Kate Dennert and Martin K Oaks
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:51
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. In lymphocyte subsets, expression of CD56 (neural cell adhesion molecule-1) correlates with cytotoxic effector activity. For cells bearing the Vγ2Vδ2 T cell receptor, isoprenoid pyrophosphate stimulation leads...

    Authors: Elizabeth M Urban, Haishan Li, Cheryl Armstrong, Chiara Focaccetti, Cristiana Cairo and C David Pauza
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:50
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Previous reports indicate that ethanol, in a binge drinking model in mice, inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vivo. However, the inhibition of signaling through TLR4 has not been investig...

    Authors: Stephen B Pruett and Ruping Fan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:49
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. The human innate immune system uses a system of extracellular Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and intracellular Nod-like receptors (NLRs) to match the appropriate level of immune response to the level of threat fro...

    Authors: Andrei Y Istomin and Adam Godzik
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:48
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand (Flt3L) is a hemopoietic cytokine and dendritic cell (DC) growth factor that promotes the proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells into DCs. We have previously fo...

    Authors: Julia K Bohannon, Weihua Cui and Tracy Toliver-Kinsky
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:47
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is enriched with transplantable CD34+ cells. In addition to CD34-expressing haematopoietic stem cells (HSC), human UCB contains a rare population of CD34-lineage- cells endowed with the...

    Authors: Giuseppina Bonanno, Andrea Mariotti, Annabella Procoli, Maria Corallo, Giovanni Scambia, Luca Pierelli and Sergio Rutella
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:46
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling is crucial for innate immune responses to infection. The involvement of TLRs in otitis media (OM), the most prevalent childhood disease in developed countries, has been impl...

    Authors: Anke Leichtle, Michelle Hernandez, Kwang Pak, Nicholas J Webster, Stephen I Wasserman and Allen F Ryan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:45
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Rapid clonal expansion of T cells occurs in response to antigenic challenges. The kinetics of the T cell response has previously been described using tissue-based studies performed at defined time points. Luci...

    Authors: Joseph H Chewning, Kari J Dugger, Tandra R Chaudhuri, Kurt R Zinn and Casey T Weaver
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:44
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Targeting of protein antigens to dendritic cells (DC) via the DEC205 receptor enhances presentation of antigen-derived peptides on MHC-I and MHC-II molecules and, in the presence of costimulatory signals, anti...

    Authors: Claudius Grossmann, Matthias Tenbusch, Godwin Nchinda, Vladimir Temchura, Ghulam Nabi, Geoffrey W Stone, Richard S Kornbluth and Klaus Überla
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:43
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. In specialized cells, such as mast cells, macrophages, T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells in the immune system and for instance melanocytes in the skin, secretory lysosomes (SL) have evolved as bifunctiona...

    Authors: Hendrik Schmidt, Christoph Gelhaus, Ralph Lucius, Melanie Nebendahl, Matthias Leippe and Ottmar Janssen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:41
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  29. Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have been shown to induce immune stimulation through a number of different receptors in a range of cell types. In primary cells, both TLR7 and TLR8 have been shown to recognise ...

    Authors: Amber Goodchild, Nicole Nopper, Andrew King, Tram Doan, Marcel Tanudji, Greg M Arndt, Michael Poidinger, Laurent P Rivory and Toby Passioura
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:40
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Propolis, an ancient herbal medicine, has been reported the beneficial effect both in asthma patients and murine model of asthma, but the mechanism was not clearly understood. In this study, the effect of caff...

    Authors: Li-Chieh Wang, Yu-Li Lin, Yu-Chih Liang, Yao-Hsu Yang, Jyh-Hong Lee, Hsin-Hui Yu, Wen-Mein Wu and Bor-Luen Chiang
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:39
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. The cleavage of recombination signals (RS) at the boundaries of immunoglobulin V, D, and J gene segments initiates the somatic generation of the antigen receptor genes expressed by B lymphocytes. RS contain a ...

    Authors: Anne E Lieberman, Masayuki Kuraoka, Marco Davila, Garnett Kelsoe and Lindsay G Cowell
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:37
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Candida albicans resides on epithelial surfaces as part of the physiological microflora. However, under certain conditions it may cause life-threatening infections like Candida sepsis. Human β-defensins (hBDs) ar...

    Authors: Nadine Steubesand, Karlheinz Kiehne, Gabriele Brunke, Rene Pahl, Karina Reiss, Karl-Heinz Herzig, Sabine Schubert, Stefan Schreiber, Ulrich R Fölsch, Philip Rosenstiel and Alexander Arlt
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:36
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. The SARS outbreak in 2003 provides a unique opportunity for the study of human responses to a novel virus. We have previously reported that dendritic cells (DCs) might be involved in the immune escape mechanis...

    Authors: Helen KW Law, Chung Yan Cheung, Sin Fun Sia, Yuk On Chan, JS Malik Peiris and Yu Lung Lau
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:35
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. As a cellular membrane triggering receptor, CD226 is involved in the NK cell- or CTL-mediated lysis of tumor cells of different origin, including freshly isolated tumor cells and tumor cell lines. Here, we eva...

    Authors: Zhuwei Xu, Tao Zhang, Ran Zhuang, Yun Zhang, Wei Jia, Chaojun Song, Kun Yang, Angang Yang and Boquan Jin
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:34
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Arginase is significantly upregulated in the lungs in murine models of asthma, as well as in human asthma, but its role in allergic airway inflammation has not been fully elucidated in mice.

    Authors: Kathryn A Niese, Ann R Collier, Amanda R Hajek, Stephen D Cederbaum, William E O'Brien, Marsha Wills-Karp, Marc E Rothenberg and Nives Zimmermann
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:33
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Immunity to food antigens (gliadin, cow's milk proteins) is in the centre of the attention of modern medicine focused on the prevention of diseases, prevention which is based on the use of appropriate restrict...

    Authors: Aleksandra Konic-Ristic, Dejan Dodig, Radmilo Krstic, Svetislav Jelic, Ivan Stankovic, Aleksandra Ninkovic, Jelena Radic, Irina Besu, Branka Bonaci-Nikolic, Njegica Jojic, Milica Djordjevic, Dragan Popovic and Zorica Juranic
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:32
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. An accurate test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is urgently needed in immunosuppressed populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic power of enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT)-ba...

    Authors: Weimin Jiang, Lingyun Shao, Ying Zhang, Shu Zhang, Chengyan Meng, Yunya Xu, Lingli Huang, Yun Wang, Ying Wang, Xinhua Weng and Wenhong Zhang
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:31
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Human tonsils are a rich source of B lymphocytes exhibiting a variety of phenotypes and activation states. Existing methods of purification are time consuming or costly. The aim of the present study was to opt...

    Authors: Jonathan Zuccolo, Tammy L Unruh and Julie P Deans
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:30
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  40. Diabetes is characterized by progressive failure of insulin producing beta cells. It is well known that both saturated fatty acids and various products of immune cells can contribute to the reduction of beta c...

    Authors: Tamara Cvjetićanin, Ivana Stojanović, Gordana Timotijević, Stanislava Stošić-Grujičić and Djordje Miljković
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:29
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. The mammalian target of rapamycin protein (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved kinase that regulates protein synthesis, cell cycle progression and proliferation in response to various environmental cues. As a...

    Authors: Boris Shor, Druie Cavender and Crafford Harris
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:28
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. TCR and CXCR4-mediated signaling appears to be reciprocally regulated pathways. TCR activation dampens the chemotactic response towards the CXCR4 ligand CXCL12, while T cells exposed to CXCL12 are less prone t...

    Authors: Jacob Ngai, Marit Inngjerdingen, Torunn Berge and Kjetil Taskén
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:27
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. The obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Coxiella burnetii causes the zoonosis Q fever. The intracellular niche of C. burnetii has led to the assumption that cell-mediated immunity is the most important immu...

    Authors: Jeffrey G Shannon, Diane C Cockrell, Kazue Takahashi, Gregory L Stahl and Robert A Heinzen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:26
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Respiratory burst function resulting in the release of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide anion (O2-) from neutrophils is one of the key mechanisms of the innate immune system, and maladaptive control of ...

    Authors: John-Paul Tung, John F Fraser, Peter Wood and Yoke Lin Fung
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:25
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Extensive allelic matching in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes is regarded as a prerequisite for good clinical success of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Also other genetic f...

    Authors: Jyrki Sivula, Hannu Turpeinen, Liisa Volin and Jukka Partanen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:24
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. CTLA-4 functions primarily as an inhibitor of T cell activation. There are several candidate explanations as to how CTLA-4 modulates T cell responses, but the exact mechanism remains undefined. The tail of CTL...

    Authors: Wendy A Teft, Thu A Chau and Joaquín Madrenas
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:23
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. The assortment of cattle immunoglobulin and surrogate light chain genes has been extracted from the version 3.1 of Bos taurus genome sequence as a part of an international effort to sequence and annotate the bovi...

    Authors: Anna Ekman, Mikael Niku, Jenni Liljavirta and Antti Iivanainen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:22
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp) is a category B biothreat organism that causes a potentially fatal disease in humans and animals, namely melioidosis. Burkholderia thailandensis (Bt) is another naturally occurring ...

    Authors: Jaruek Charoensap, Pongsak Utaisincharoen, Anneke Engering and Stitaya Sirisinha
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:20
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Current literature suggests that dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV; CD26) plays an essential role in T-dependent immune responses, a role that could have important clinical consequences. To rigorously define the...

    Authors: Kalpit A Vora, Gene Porter, Roche Peng, Yan Cui, Kellyann Pryor, George Eiermann and Dennis M Zaller
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:19
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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