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  1. NFATp is one member of a family of transcriptional activators whose nuclear accumulation and hence transcriptional activity is regulated in mammalian cells. Human NFATp exists as a phosphoprotein in the cytopl...

    Authors: Loree J Kim, Heather A Ferguson, Anita G Seto and James A Goodrich
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2000 1:1
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Peroxynitrite is increasingly proposed as a contributor to defence system in marine bivalve. It can be formed by combinaison of superoxide and nitric oxide, and can react with tyrosine residues of proteins giv...

    Authors: Jean Torreilles and Bernard Romestand
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2001 2:1
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Lymphoid tissues constitute basic structures where specific immune responses take place. This leads to the development of germinal centres (GCs), migration of cells and the generation of memory cells. Here, we...

    Authors: Berta Vidal-Rubio, Marta Sanchez-Carril, Josefina Oliver-Morales, África González-Femandez and Francisco Gambón-Deza
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2001 2:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. The Tec family kinases are implicated in signaling from lymphocyte antigen receptors and are activated following phosphorylation by Src kinases. For most Tec kinases, this activation requires an interaction be...

    Authors: Mario Chamorro, Michael J Czar, Jayanta Debnath, Genhong Cheng, Michael J Lenardo, Harold E Varmus and Pamela L Schwartzberg
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2001 2:3
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is essential for B cell development and function. Mutations of Btk elicit X-linked agammaglobulinemia in humans and X-linked immunodeficiency in the mouse. Btk has been proposed ...

    Authors: Michael G Tomlinson, Douglas B Woods, Martin McMahon, Matthew I Wahl, Owen N Witte, Tomohiro Kurosaki, Joseph B Bolen and James A Johnston
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2001 2:4
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Increasing evidence suggests that the effect of HLA-E on Natural Killer (NK) cell activity can be affected by the nature of the peptides bound to this non-classical, MHC class Ib molecule. However, its reduced...

    Authors: James Stevens, Etienne Joly, John Trowsdale and Geoffrey W Butcher
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2001 2:5
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. The identification of antigens on human DC has been a very difficult and elusive task because of the lack of appropriate reagents. Therefore, we evaluated by flow cytometry a panel of mAb that recognize antige...

    Authors: Rafael Nunez and Luis Filgueira
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2001 2:6
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. The immune system is particularly sensitive to stress. Although acute stress generally has positive effects, chronic stress typically provokes immunosuppression. The elucidation of the mechanisms involved in i...

    Authors: Lourdes Domínguez-Gerpe and Manuel Rey-Méndez
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2001 2:7
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. T cells from HIV+ and aged individuals show parallels in terms of suppressed proliferative activity and interleukin-2 (I1-2) production and an increased number of CD8+ CD28- T cells. In order to compare cytokine ...

    Authors: Edward H Eylar, Carmen E Lefranc, Yasuhiro Yamamura, Ineabely Báez, Sol Luis Colón-Martinez, Nayra Rodriguez and T B Breithaupt
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2001 2:10
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Macrophages sense microorganisms through activation of members of the Toll-like receptor family, which initiate signals linked to transcription of many inflammation associated genes. In this paper we examine w...

    Authors: David A Hume, David M Underhill, Matthew J Sweet, Adrian O Ozinsky, Foo Y Liew and Alan Aderem
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2001 2:11
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Intrathymic development and selection of the T lymphocyte repertoire is restricted by the interactions of the T cell antigen receptor and CD4 or CD8 co-receptors with self major histocompatibility complex mole...

    Authors: Hector Martinez-Valdez, Vicente Madrid-Marina and Amos Cohen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2002 3:1
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. T helper epitopes are necessary for the induction of high titers of antigen-specific IgG antibodies. We are interested in the epitope modification of intact proteins as a method to enhance their immunogenicity...

    Authors: Jeanette M Mucha, Marcia M Stickler, AJ Poulose, Grant Ganshaw, Mae Saldajeno, Kathy Collier, Manley T Huang and Fiona A Harding
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2002 3:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Macrophages, upon encounter with micro-organisms or stimulated by cytokines, produce various effector molecules aimed at destroying the foreign agents and protecting the organism. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)...

    Authors: Pierre-Jacques Ferret, Emmanuelle Soum, Olivier Negre and Didier Fradelizi
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2002 3:3
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Gene transfer studies in primary T cells have suffered from the limitations of conventional viral transduction or transfection techniques. Replication-defective adenoviral vectors are an attractive alternative...

    Authors: Vincent Hurez, Robin Dzialo-Hatton, James Oliver, R James Matthews and Casey T Weaver
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2002 3:4
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  17. In asthma and other allergic disorders, the activation of mast cells by IgE and antigen induces the cells to release histamine and other mediators of inflammation, as well as to produce certain cytokines and c...

    Authors: Koichi Sayama, Maximilian Diehn, Kentaro Matsuda, Carolina Lunderius, Mindy Tsai, See-Ying Tam, David Botstein, Patrick O Brown and Stephen J Galli
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2002 3:5
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. "Alternatively-activated" macrophages are found in Th2-mediated inflammatory settings such as nematode infection and allergic pulmonary inflammation. Due in part to a lack of markers, these cells have not been...

    Authors: P'ng Loke, Meera G Nair, John Parkinson, David Guiliano, Mark Blaxter and Judith E Allen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2002 3:7
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Human resistance to re-infection with S. mansoni is correlated with high levels of anti-soluble adult worm antigens (SWAP) IgE. Although it has been shown that IL-4 and IL-5 are crucial in establishing IgE respon...

    Authors: Walderez O Dutra, Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira, David Dunne, Luiza Fosenca Cecchini, Lúcia Fraga, Morven Roberts, Alda Maria Soares-Silveira, Michelle Webster, Hans Yssel and Kenneth J Gollob
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2002 3:8
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. While dealing with mixed in vitro lymphocyte cultures one is faced with the problem of relative contributions of different populations to the activity being studied. This is especially true in the controversy rel...

    Authors: R Nirmala and PR Narayanan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2002 3:9
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. The ZAS family is composed of proteins that regulate transcription via specific gene regulatory elements. The amino-DNA binding domain (ZAS-N) and the carboxyl-DNA binding domain (ZAS-C) of a representative fa...

    Authors: Carl E Allen, Chi-ho Mak and Lai-Chu Wu
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2002 3:10
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. T-cells extravasation and CNS parenchyma infiltration during autoimmune neurodegenerative disease can be evoked by local antigen presenting cells. Studying the chemoattracting potential of spinal perivascular ...

    Authors: Nils Hofmann, Nina Lachnit, Michael Streppel, Brigitte Witter, Wolfram F Neiss, Orlando Guntinas-Lichius and Doychin N Angelov
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2002 3:11
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. The function of the thymic microenvironment is to promote thymocyte maturation, in part via regulation of thymocyte proliferation and cell death. Defects in fetal thymic epithelial cell (TEC) development and f...

    Authors: Dong-ming Su and Nancy R Manley
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2002 3:12
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Inflammation and immune responses are considered to be very important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Lipid accumulation in macrophages of the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atheroscler...

    Authors: Mikko PS Ares, Maria Stollenwerk, Anneli Olsson, Bengt Kallin, Stefan Jovinge and Jan Nilsson
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2002 3:13
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Various microbial, inflammatory and immune signals regulate the activation of dendritic cells (DC), determining their ability to interact with naïve T cells and to produce cytokines that direct T cell developm...

    Authors: Amy Wesa and Anne Galy
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2002 3:14
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Macrophages, osteoclasts, dendritic cells, and microglia are highly specialized cells that belong to the mononuclear phagocyte system. Functional and phenotypic heterogeneity within the mononuclear phagocyte s...

    Authors: Christine Servet-Delprat, Sylvie Arnaud, Pierre Jurdic, Serge Nataf, Marie-France Grasset, Caroline Soulas, Chantal Domenget, Olivier Destaing, Aymeric Rivollier, Magali Perret, Christiane Dumontel, Daniel Hanau, Gary L Gilmore, Marie-Françoise Belin, Chantal Rabourdin-Combe and Guy Mouchiroud
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2002 3:15
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Immature B lymphocytes and certain B cell lymphomas undergo apoptotic cell death following activation of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signal transduction pathway. Several biochemical changes occur in resp...

    Authors: Robert C Hsueh, Adrienne M Hammill, Jamie A Lee, Jonathan W Uhr and Richard H Scheuermann
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2002 3:16
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Insulin dependent (i.e., "type 1") diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is considered to be a T cell mediated disease in which TH1 and Tc autoreactive cells attack the pancreatic islets. Among the beta-cell antigens implicat...

    Authors: Rosetta Pedotti, Maija Sanna, Mindy Tsai, Jason DeVoss, Lawrence Steinman, Hugh McDevitt and Stephen J Galli
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2003 4:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Neutrophils are critical in the defense against potentially harmful microorganisms, but their excessive and inappropriate activation can contribute significantly to tissue damage and a worsening pathology. Thr...

    Authors: Ronald D Mathison, A Dean Befus, Joseph S Davison and Richard C Woodman
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2003 4:3
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has acquired through evolution a number of genes to try to evade immune recognition of the virus-infected cell. Many of these mechanisms act to inhibit the MHC class I antigen pres...

    Authors: Mar Valés-Gómez, Helena Browne and Hugh T Reyburn
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2003 4:4
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Susceptibility to infectious diseases is directed, in part, by the interaction between the invading pathogen and host macrophages. This study examines the influence of genetic background on host-pathogen inter...

    Authors: Christine A Wells, Timothy Ravasi, Geoffrey J Faulkner, Piero Carninci, Yasushi Okazaki, Yoshihide Hayashizaki, Matthew Sweet, Brandon J Wainwright and David A Hume
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2003 4:5
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. The aim of this work was to detect antigens, non-self to the dam, potentially present in chick embryo prior to organogenesis with a view to establishing the consequences of their neutralization on chick develo...

    Authors: Antonio Rodríguez-Burgos
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2003 4:6
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. So-called "immunoprivileged sites" are tissues or organs where slow allograft rejection correlates with low levels of expression of MHC class I molecules. Whilst classical class I molecules are recognised by c...

    Authors: Pierre Lau, Claire Amadou, Hélène Brun, Virginie Rouillon, Fiona McLaren, Anne-France Le Rolle, Margaret Graham, Geoffrey W Butcher and Etienne Joly
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2003 4:7
    Content type: Research article Published on:

    The Erratum to this article has been published in BMC Immunology 2004 5:4

  36. Oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG ODN) are known to exert a strong adjuvant effect on Th1 immune responses. Although several genes have been reported, no comprehensive study of the ...

    Authors: Atsushi Kato, Toshiki Homma, Jonathan Batchelor, Noriko Hashimoto, Shosuke Imai, Hiroshi Wakiguchi, Hirohisa Saito and Kenji Matsumoto
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2003 4:8
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Cytokine flow cytometry (CFC) provides a multiparameter alternative to ELISPOT assays for rapid quantitation of antigen-specific T cells. To increase the throughput of CFC assays, we have optimized methods for...

    Authors: Maria A Suni, Holli S Dunn, Patricia L Orr, Rian de Laat, Elizabeth Sinclair, Smita A Ghanekar, Barry M Bredt, John F Dunne, Vernon C Maino and Holden T Maecker
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2003 4:9
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  38. Sin Nombre virus (SNV) establishes a persistent infection in the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus. A strong antibody response occurs in response to SNV infection, but the role of the innate immune response is u...

    Authors: Tony Schountz, Renata Green, Bennett Davenport, Amie Buniger, Tiffany Richens, J Jeffrey Root, Forbes Davidson, Charles H Calisher and Barry J Beaty
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:1
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Lipid rafts have been shown to play a role in T cell maturation, activation as well as in the formation of immunological synapses in CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. However, the differential expression of...

    Authors: Valeria de Mello Coelho, Dzung Nguyen, Banabihari Giri, Allyson Bunbury, Eric Schaffer and Dennis D Taub
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Cytokine mRNA quantification is widely used to investigate cytokine profiles, particularly in small samples. Real-time polymerase chain reaction is currently the most reliable method of quantifying low-level t...

    Authors: André Peinnequin, Catherine Mouret, Olivier Birot, Antonia Alonso, Jacques Mathieu, Didier Clarençon, Diane Agay, Yves Chancerelle and Eric Multon
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:3
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  41. Authors: Pierre Lau, Claire Amadou, Hélène Brun, Virginie Rouillon, Fiona McLaren, Anne-France Le Rolle, Margaret Graham, Geoffrey W Butcher and Etienne Joly
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:4
    Content type: Erratum Published on:

    The original article was published in BMC Immunology 2003 4:7

  42. Immune recognition of vascular endothelial cells (EC) has been implicated in allograft rejection, protection against pathogens, and lymphocyte recruitment. However, EC pervade nearly all tissues and predominat...

    Authors: Annette L Rothermel, Yinong Wang, Jeffrey Schechner, Barry Mook-Kanamori, William C Aird, Jordan S Pober, George Tellides and David R Johnson
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:5
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Parasite-specific IgE levels correlate with human resistance to reinfection with Schistosoma spp. after chemotherapy. Although the role of eosinophils in schistosomiasis has been the focus of a great deal of impo...

    Authors: Mohamed Z Satti, Pierre Cahen, Per S Skov, Sarah Joseph, Frances M Jones, Colin Fitzsimmons, Karl F Hoffmann, Claus Reimert, H Curtis Kariuki, Francis Kazibwe, Joseph K Mwatha, Gachuhi Kimani, Birgitte J Vennervald, John H Ouma, Narcis B Kabatereine and David W Dunne
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:6
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Expression of murine CCL21 by dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) has been demonstrated to be one of the most important steps in Langerhans cell emigration from skin. Previously, our group and others have...

    Authors: Yanina Eberhard, Susana Ortiz, Alejandro Ruiz Lascano, Raquel Kuznitzky and Horacio Marcelo Serra
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:7
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. The Eph receptors are the largest receptor tyrosine kinase family. Several family members are expressed in hematopoietic cells. Previously, the expression of a member of this family, EphA2, was identified on d...

    Authors: Else Munthe, Eivind Farmen Finne and Hans-Christian Aasheim
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:9
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. We have devised a simple and efficient fluorescence-based method to track antigen uptake and processing in human B lymphoblastoid cells (B-LCL). Fluorescein labelled subtilisin was used to optimize antigen upt...

    Authors: Namrata S Patil, David L Wong, Katherine D Collier and Hugh C McDonald
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2004 5:12
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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