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  1. An accurate test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is urgently needed in immunosuppressed populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic power of enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT)-ba...

    Authors: Weimin Jiang, Lingyun Shao, Ying Zhang, Shu Zhang, Chengyan Meng, Yunya Xu, Lingli Huang, Yun Wang, Ying Wang, Xinhua Weng and Wenhong Zhang
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:31
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Immunity to food antigens (gliadin, cow's milk proteins) is in the centre of the attention of modern medicine focused on the prevention of diseases, prevention which is based on the use of appropriate restrict...

    Authors: Aleksandra Konic-Ristic, Dejan Dodig, Radmilo Krstic, Svetislav Jelic, Ivan Stankovic, Aleksandra Ninkovic, Jelena Radic, Irina Besu, Branka Bonaci-Nikolic, Njegica Jojic, Milica Djordjevic, Dragan Popovic and Zorica Juranic
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:32
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Arginase is significantly upregulated in the lungs in murine models of asthma, as well as in human asthma, but its role in allergic airway inflammation has not been fully elucidated in mice.

    Authors: Kathryn A Niese, Ann R Collier, Amanda R Hajek, Stephen D Cederbaum, William E O'Brien, Marsha Wills-Karp, Marc E Rothenberg and Nives Zimmermann
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:33
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. As a cellular membrane triggering receptor, CD226 is involved in the NK cell- or CTL-mediated lysis of tumor cells of different origin, including freshly isolated tumor cells and tumor cell lines. Here, we eva...

    Authors: Zhuwei Xu, Tao Zhang, Ran Zhuang, Yun Zhang, Wei Jia, Chaojun Song, Kun Yang, Angang Yang and Boquan Jin
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:34
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. The SARS outbreak in 2003 provides a unique opportunity for the study of human responses to a novel virus. We have previously reported that dendritic cells (DCs) might be involved in the immune escape mechanis...

    Authors: Helen KW Law, Chung Yan Cheung, Sin Fun Sia, Yuk On Chan, JS Malik Peiris and Yu Lung Lau
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:35
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Candida albicans resides on epithelial surfaces as part of the physiological microflora. However, under certain conditions it may cause life-threatening infections like Candida sepsis. Human β-defensins (hBDs) ar...

    Authors: Nadine Steubesand, Karlheinz Kiehne, Gabriele Brunke, Rene Pahl, Karina Reiss, Karl-Heinz Herzig, Sabine Schubert, Stefan Schreiber, Ulrich R Fölsch, Philip Rosenstiel and Alexander Arlt
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:36
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. The cleavage of recombination signals (RS) at the boundaries of immunoglobulin V, D, and J gene segments initiates the somatic generation of the antigen receptor genes expressed by B lymphocytes. RS contain a ...

    Authors: Anne E Lieberman, Masayuki Kuraoka, Marco Davila, Garnett Kelsoe and Lindsay G Cowell
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:37
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Propolis, an ancient herbal medicine, has been reported the beneficial effect both in asthma patients and murine model of asthma, but the mechanism was not clearly understood. In this study, the effect of caff...

    Authors: Li-Chieh Wang, Yu-Li Lin, Yu-Chih Liang, Yao-Hsu Yang, Jyh-Hong Lee, Hsin-Hui Yu, Wen-Mein Wu and Bor-Luen Chiang
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:39
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have been shown to induce immune stimulation through a number of different receptors in a range of cell types. In primary cells, both TLR7 and TLR8 have been shown to recognise ...

    Authors: Amber Goodchild, Nicole Nopper, Andrew King, Tram Doan, Marcel Tanudji, Greg M Arndt, Michael Poidinger, Laurent P Rivory and Toby Passioura
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:40
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. In specialized cells, such as mast cells, macrophages, T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells in the immune system and for instance melanocytes in the skin, secretory lysosomes (SL) have evolved as bifunctiona...

    Authors: Hendrik Schmidt, Christoph Gelhaus, Ralph Lucius, Melanie Nebendahl, Matthias Leippe and Ottmar Janssen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:41
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  13. Targeting of protein antigens to dendritic cells (DC) via the DEC205 receptor enhances presentation of antigen-derived peptides on MHC-I and MHC-II molecules and, in the presence of costimulatory signals, anti...

    Authors: Claudius Grossmann, Matthias Tenbusch, Godwin Nchinda, Vladimir Temchura, Ghulam Nabi, Geoffrey W Stone, Richard S Kornbluth and Klaus Überla
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:43
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Rapid clonal expansion of T cells occurs in response to antigenic challenges. The kinetics of the T cell response has previously been described using tissue-based studies performed at defined time points. Luci...

    Authors: Joseph H Chewning, Kari J Dugger, Tandra R Chaudhuri, Kurt R Zinn and Casey T Weaver
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:44
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling is crucial for innate immune responses to infection. The involvement of TLRs in otitis media (OM), the most prevalent childhood disease in developed countries, has been impl...

    Authors: Anke Leichtle, Michelle Hernandez, Kwang Pak, Nicholas J Webster, Stephen I Wasserman and Allen F Ryan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:45
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is enriched with transplantable CD34+ cells. In addition to CD34-expressing haematopoietic stem cells (HSC), human UCB contains a rare population of CD34-lineage- cells endowed with the...

    Authors: Giuseppina Bonanno, Andrea Mariotti, Annabella Procoli, Maria Corallo, Giovanni Scambia, Luca Pierelli and Sergio Rutella
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:46
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand (Flt3L) is a hemopoietic cytokine and dendritic cell (DC) growth factor that promotes the proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells into DCs. We have previously fo...

    Authors: Julia K Bohannon, Weihua Cui and Tracy Toliver-Kinsky
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:47
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. The human innate immune system uses a system of extracellular Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and intracellular Nod-like receptors (NLRs) to match the appropriate level of immune response to the level of threat fro...

    Authors: Andrei Y Istomin and Adam Godzik
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:48
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Previous reports indicate that ethanol, in a binge drinking model in mice, inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vivo. However, the inhibition of signaling through TLR4 has not been investig...

    Authors: Stephen B Pruett and Ruping Fan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:49
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. In lymphocyte subsets, expression of CD56 (neural cell adhesion molecule-1) correlates with cytotoxic effector activity. For cells bearing the Vγ2Vδ2 T cell receptor, isoprenoid pyrophosphate stimulation leads...

    Authors: Elizabeth M Urban, Haishan Li, Cheryl Armstrong, Chiara Focaccetti, Cristiana Cairo and C David Pauza
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:50
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. CTLA-4 was initially described as a membrane-bound molecule that inhibited lymphocyte activation by interacting with B7.1 and B7.2 molecules on antigen presenting cells. Alternative splicing of mRNA encoding t...

    Authors: Matt Tector, Bhupendra O Khatri, Karen Kozinski, Kate Dennert and Martin K Oaks
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:51
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Growing knowledge about cellular interactions in the immune system, including the central role of cytokine networks, has lead to new treatments using monoclonal antibodies that block specific components of the...

    Authors: Wilco de Jager, Katarzyna Bourcier, Ger T Rijkers, Berent J Prakken and Vicki Seyfert-Margolis
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:52
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) secrete the chemokine CCL20 in response to infection by various enteropathogenic bacteria or exposure to bacterial flagellin. CCL20 recruits immature dendritic cells an...

    Authors: Shomik Sibartie, Ann M O'Hara, Jude Ryan, Áine Fanning, Jim O'Mahony, Shaun O'Neill, Barbara Sheil, Liam O'Mahony and Fergus Shanahan
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:54
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Leukocyte Ig-like receptors (LILR) are a family of innate immune receptors with immunomodulatory functions. High-level expression of the receptors LILRB2 (ILT4) and LILRB4 (ILT3) is a feature of tolerogenic an...

    Authors: Damien P Brown, Des C Jones, Katie J Anderson, Nicolas Lapaque, Robin A Buerki, John Trowsdale and Rachel L Allen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:56
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Selenium, a micronutrient whose deficiency in diet causes immune dysfunction and inflammatory disorders, is thought to exert its physiological effects mostly in the form of selenium-containing proteins (seleno...

    Authors: Bradley A Carlson, Min-Hyuk Yoo, Yasuyo Sano, Aniruddha Sengupta, Jin Young Kim, Robert Irons, Vadim N Gladyshev, Dolph L Hatfield and Jin Mo Park
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:57
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. The objective was to define murine histologic alterations resembling asthma in a BALB/c OVA model and to suggest grading criteria. Identified were six salient histologic findings in lungs with putative allergi...

    Authors: Mitchell S Wachtel, Goutam Shome, Mhairi Sutherland and John J McGlone
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:58
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) can employ a cell contact- and granzyme B-dependent mechanism to mediate suppression of bystander T and B cells. Murine studies indicate that granzyme B is involved in the Treg-media...

    Authors: Olga V Efimova and Todd W Kelley
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:59
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Larvae of several common species of parasitic nematodes obligately migrate through, and often damage, host lungs. The larvae induce strong pulmonary Type 2 immune responses, including T-helper (Th)2 cells as w...

    Authors: Marieke A Hoeve, Katie J Mylonas, Karen J Fairlie-Clarke, Simmi M Mahajan, Judith E Allen and Andrea L Graham
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:60
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Neurotransmitters are important regulators of the immune system, with very distinct and varying effects on different leukocyte subsets. So far little is known about the impact of signals mediated by neurotrans...

    Authors: Carina Strell, Anne Sievers, Philipp Bastian, Kerstin Lang, Bernd Niggemann, Kurt S Zänker and Frank Entschladen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:62
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Cysteinyl leukotrienes are potent inflammatory mediators implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. Human cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CYSLTR1) gene contains five exons that are variably spliced. Within its p...

    Authors: Milena Sokolowska, Karolina Wodz-Naskiewicz, Malgorzata Cieslak, Karolina Seta, Andrzej K Bednarek and Rafal Pawliczak
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2009 10:63
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. The adenosine/uridine-rich element (ARE)-binding protein AUF1 functions to regulate the inflammatory response through the targeted degradation of cytokine and other mRNAs that contain specific AREs in their 3'...

    Authors: Navid Sadri, Jin-Yu Lu, Michelle L Badura and Robert J Schneider
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:1
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. The first exposure to microorganisms at mucosal surfaces is critical for immune maturation and gut health. Facultative anaerobic bacteria are the first to colonise the infant gut, and the impact of these bacte...

    Authors: Louise H Zeuthen, Lisbeth N Fink, Stine B Metzdorff, Matilde B Kristensen, Tine R Licht, Christine Nellemann and Hanne Frøkiær
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Natural Killer (NK) cells are a crucial component of the host innate immune system with anti-viral and anti-cancer properties. However, the role of NK cells in West Nile virus (WNV) infection is controversial,...

    Authors: Mingjie Zhang, Sylvester Daniel, Yong Huang, Caren Chancey, Qingsheng Huang, Ying F Lei, Andriyan Grinev, Howard Mostowski, Maria Rios and Andrew Dayton
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:3
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. The immune response to trauma has traditionally been modeled to consist of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) followed by the compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS). We investi...

    Authors: Kevin R Kasten, Holly S Goetzman, Maria R Reid, Alison M Rasper, Samuel G Adediran, Chad T Robinson, Cindy M Cave, Joseph S Solomkin, Alex B Lentsch, Jay A Johannigman and Charles C Caldwell
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:4
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an interleukin-7 (IL-7) like cytokine, which plays an important role in the regulation of immune responses to allergens. TSLP binds to a heterodimeric receptor complex co...

    Authors: Jun Zhong and Akhilesh Pandey
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:5
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Antibody isotype responses can be useful as indicators of immune bias during infection. In studies of parasite co-infection however, interpretation of immune bias is complicated by the occurrence of cross-reac...

    Authors: Karen J Fairlie-Clarke, Tracey J Lamb, Jean Langhorne, Andrea L Graham and Judith E Allen
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:6
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are vectors of pathogens worldwide that cause diseases in humans and animals. Ticks and pathogens have co-evolved molecular mechanisms that contribute to their mutual development and su...

    Authors: Zorica Zivkovic, Alessandra Torina, Ruchira Mitra, Angela Alongi, Salvatore Scimeca, Katherine M Kocan, Ruth C Galindo, Consuelo Almazán, Edmour F Blouin, Margarita Villar, Ard M Nijhof, Rinosh Mani, Giuseppa La Barbera, Santo Caracappa, Frans Jongejan and José de la Fuente
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:7
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Allergy has been an increasing problem in several parts of the world. Prenatal exposure to allergen and microbial components may affect the development of allergies in childhood, as indicated by epidemiologica...

    Authors: Linda K Ellertsen, Unni C Nygaard, Ingrid Melkild and Martinus Løvik
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:8
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. The expression of metallothionein (MT) is involved in acquiring resistance to immune-mediated apoptosis; it is also a negative regulator of the immune response. Nasal polyps are typified by a resistance to imm...

    Authors: Magdalena Dutsch-Wicherek, Romana Tomaszewska, Agata Lazar, Paweł Stręk, Łukasz Wicherek, Krzysztof Piekutowski and Wojciech Jóźwicki
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:10
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Preconception allergen immunization prevents neonatal allergen sensitization in mice by a complex interaction between regulatory cells/factors and antibodies. The present study assessed the influence of matern...

    Authors: Jefferson R Victor, Bruno P Muniz, Ana E Fusaro, Cyro A de Brito, Eliana F Taniguchi, Alberto JS Duarte and Maria N Sato
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:11
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Egg white must provide nutrients and protection to the developing avian embryo. One way in which this is achieved is an arsenal of antimicrobial proteins and peptides which are essentially extensions of the in...

    Authors: Daoqing Gong, Peter W Wilson, Maureen M Bain, Karina McDade, Jiri Kalina, Virginie Hervé-Grépinet, Yves Nys and Ian C Dunn
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:12
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Previous reports have shown that peptides derived from the apolipoprotein E receptor binding region and the amphipathic α-helical domains of apolipoprotein AI have broad anti-infective activity and antiviral a...

    Authors: Bridie A Kelly, Ian Harrison, Áine McKnight and Curtis B Dobson
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:13
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. The potential utility of dendritic cells (DC) as cancer vaccines has been established in early trials in human cancers. The concomitant administration of cytotoxic agents and DC vaccines has been previously av...

    Authors: Justin John, Mohammed Ismail, Catherine Riley, Jonathan Askham, Richard Morgan, Alan Melcher and Hardev Pandha
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:14
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. This study was performed to evaluate anti-inflammatory and immune modulating properties of the probiotic, spore-forming bacterial strain: Bacillus coagulans: GBI-30, (PTA-6086, GanedenBC30TM). In addition, cell w...

    Authors: Gitte S Jensen, Kathleen F Benson, Steve G Carter and John R Endres
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:15
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2), one of two Stx liberated by Stx-producing Escherichia coli, is composed of an A subunit monomer and a B subunit pentamer, and is directly linked with hemolytic uremic syndrome in children. T...

    Authors: Kwang-il Jeong, Susan Chapman-Bonofiglio, Pradeep Singh, Jongo Lee, Saul Tzipori and Abhineet S Sheoran
    Citation: BMC Immunology 2010 11:16
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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